Append missing padding after last field of struct

This patch fixes issue #13186.

When generating constant expression for enum, it is possible that
alignment of expression may be not equal to alignment of type.  In that
case space after last struct field must be padded to match size of value
and size of struct. This commit adds that padding.

See detailed explanation in src/test/run-pass/trans-tag-static-padding.rs
rustc: Don't die on 0-length pattern idents

These often crop up when using default methods that don't actually bind their
argument names.

Closes #13775
std: deprecate cast::transmute_mut.

Turning a `&T` into an `&mut T` carries a large risk of undefined
behaviour, and needs to be done very very carefully. Providing a
convenience function for exactly this task is a bad idea, just tempting
people into doing the wrong thing.

The right thing is to use types like `Cell`, `RefCell` or `Unsafe`.

For memory safety, Rust has that guarantee that `&mut` pointers do not
alias with any other pointer, that is, if you have a `&mut T` then that
is the only usable pointer to that `T`. This allows Rust to assume that
writes through a `&mut T` do not affect the values of any other `&` or
`&mut` references. `&` pointers have no guarantees about aliasing or
not, so it's entirely possible for the same pointer to be passed into
both arguments of a function like

    fn foo(x: &int, y: &int) { ... }

Converting either of `x` or `y` to a `&mut` pointer and modifying it
would affect the other value: invalid behaviour.

(Similarly, it's undefined behaviour to modify the value of an immutable
local, like `let x = 1;`.)

At a low-level, the *only* safe way to obtain an `&mut` out of a `&` is
using the `Unsafe` type (there are higher level wrappers around it, like
`Cell`, `RefCell`, `Mutex` etc.). The `Unsafe` type is registered with
the compiler so that it can reason a little about these `&` to `&mut`
casts, but it is still up to the user to ensure that the `&mut`s
obtained out of an `Unsafe` never alias.

(Note that *any* conversion from `&` to `&mut` can be invalid, including
a plain `transmute`, or casting `&T` -> `*T` -> `*mut T` -> `&mut T`.)

[breaking-change]
std::comm: use Unsafe to avoid U.B. & -> &mut transmutes.
doc: Clarified 4.2 Pattern matching

Combined redundant paragraphs about the match expression and removed a
redundant example.
doc: Minor example formatting in 11 References
doc: Corrected example in 17.8 Deriving implementations for traits

Corrected example to to use Rand trait referenced in preceding
description and included an example using the Show trait to print ABC.
auto merge of #13271 : stepancheg/rust/align, r=pcwalton

This patch fixes issue #13186.

When generating constant expression for enum, it is possible that
alignment of expression may be not equal to alignment of type.  In that
case space after last struct field must be padded to match size of value
and size of struct. This commit adds that padding.

See detailed explanation in src/test/run-pass/trans-tag-static-padding.rs
log: Logger receiveis a LogRecord

The logging macros now create a LogRecord, and pass that to the
Logger, instead of passing a `level` and `args`. The new signature is:

    trait Logger {
        fn log(&mut self, record: &LogRecord);
    }

The LogRecord includes additional values that may be useful to custom
loggers, and also allows for further expansion if not values are found
useful.

DefaultLogger's formatting was taken from Python's default formatting:
`LEVEL:from: message`

Also included: fmt::Arguments now implement Show, so they can be used to
extend format strings.

[breaking-change]
auto merge of #13907 : iliekturtles/rust/tutorial, r=alexcrichton

Some minor clarifications and fixes.
auto merge of #13782 : alexcrichton/rust/issue-13775, r=pcwalton

These often crop up when using default methods that don't actually bind their
argument names.

Closes #13775
auto merge of #13912 : seanmonstar/rust/logrecord, r=alexcrichton

The logging macros now create a LogRecord, and pass that to the Logger. This will allow custom loggers to change the formatting, and possible filter on more properties of the log record.

DefaultLogger's formatting was taken from Python's default formatting:
`LEVEL:from: message`

Also included: fmt::Arguments now implement Show, so they can be used to
extend format strings.

@alexcrichton r?
auto merge of #13934 : huonw/rust/transmute-mut, r=alexcrichton

Turning a `&T` into an `&mut T` is undefined behaviour, and needs to be
done very very carefully. Providing a convenience function for exactly
this task is a bad idea, just tempting people into doing the wrong
thing.

(The right thing is to use types like `Cell`, `RefCell` or `Unsafe`.)

cc https://github.com/mozilla/rust/issues/13933
librustc: Remove `~EXPR`, `~TYPE`, and `~PAT` from the language, except
for `~str`/`~[]`.

Note that `~self` still remains, since I forgot to add support for
`Box<self>` before the snapshot.