Reduce btree scan overhead for < and > strategies

For <, <=, > and >= strategies, mark the first scan key
as already matched if scanning in an appropriate direction.
If index tuple contains no nulls we can skip the first
re-check for each tuple.

Author: Rajeev Rastogi
Reviewer: Haribabu Kommi
Rework of the code and comments by Simon Riggs
Fix some bogus direct uses of realloc().

pg_dump/parallel.c was using realloc() directly with no error check.
While the odds of an actual failure here seem pretty low, Coverity
complains about it, so fix by using pg_realloc() instead.

While looking for other instances, I noticed a couple of places in
psql that hadn't gotten the memo about the availability of pg_realloc.
These aren't bugs, since they did have error checks, but verbosely
inconsistent code is not a good thing.

Back-patch as far as 9.3.  9.2 did not have pg_dump/parallel.c, nor
did it have pg_realloc available in all frontend code.
Update comments in find_typedef.

These comments don't seem to have been touched in a long time.  Make them
describe the current implementation rather than what was here last century,
and be a bit more explicit about the unreferenced-typedefs issue.
Don't require bleeding-edge timezone data in timestamptz regression test.

The regression test cases added in commits b2cbced9e et al depended in part
on the Russian timezone offset changes of Oct 2014.  While this is of no
particular concern for a default Postgres build, it was possible for a
build using --with-system-tzdata to fail the tests if the system tzdata
database wasn't au courant.  Bjorn Munch and Christoph Berg both complained
about this while packaging 9.4rc1, so we probably shouldn't insist on the
system tzdata being up-to-date.  Instead, make an equivalent test using a
zone change that occurred in Venezuela in 2007.  With this patch, the
regression tests should pass using any tzdata set from 2012 or later.
(I can't muster much sympathy for somebody using --with-system-tzdata
on a machine whose system tzdata is more than three years out-of-date.)
Fix pg_receivexlog --slot so that it doesn't prevent the server shutdown.

When pg_receivexlog --slot is connecting to the server, at the shutdown
of the server, walsender keeps waiting for the last WAL record to be
replicated and flushed in pg_receivexlog. But previously pg_receivexlog
issued sync command only when WAL file was switched. So there was
the case where the last WAL was never flushed and walsender had to
keep waiting infinitely. This caused the server shutdown to get stuck.

pg_recvlogical handles this problem by calling fsync() when it receives
the request of immediate reply from the server. That is, at shutdown,
walsender sends the request, pg_recvlogical receives it, flushes the last
WAL record, and sends the flush location back to the server. Since
walsender can see that the last WAL record is successfully flushed, it can
exit cleanly.

This commit introduces the same logic as pg_recvlogical has,
to pg_receivexlog.

Back-patch to 9.4 where pg_receivexlog was changed so that it can use
the replication slot.

Original patch by Michael Paquier, rewritten by me.
Bug report by Furuya Osamu.
Fix bug in the test of file descriptor of current WAL file in pg_receivexlog.

In pg_receivexlog, in order to check whether the current WAL file is
being opened or not, its file descriptor has to be checked against -1
as an invalid value. But, oops, 7900e94 added the incorrect test
checking the descriptor against 1. This commit fixes that bug.

Back-patch to 9.4 where the bug was added.

Spotted by Magnus Hagander
Avoid file descriptor leak in pg_test_fsync.

This can cause problems on Windows, where files that are still open
can't be unlinked.

Jeff Janes
Add test cases for indexam operations not currently covered.

That includes VACUUM on GIN, GiST and SP-GiST indexes, and B-tree indexes
large enough to cause page deletions in B-tree. Plus some other special
cases.

After this patch, the regression tests generate all different WAL record
types. Not all branches within the redo functions are covered, but it's a
step forward.
Improve documentation's description of JOIN clauses.

In bug #12000, Andreas Kunert complained that the documentation was
misleading in saying "FROM T1 CROSS JOIN T2 is equivalent to FROM T1, T2".
That's correct as far as it goes, but the equivalence doesn't hold when
you consider three or more tables, since JOIN binds more tightly than
comma.  I added a <note> to explain this, and ended up rearranging some
of the existing text so that the note would make sense in context.

In passing, rewrite the description of JOIN USING, which was unnecessarily
vague, and hadn't been helped any by somebody's reliance on markup as a
substitute for clear writing.  (Mostly this involved reintroducing a
concrete example that was unaccountably removed by commit 032f3b7e166cfa28.)

Back-patch to all supported branches.
Fix suggested layout for PGXS makefile

Custom rules must come after pgxs inclusion, not before, because any
rule added before pgxs will break the default 'all' target.

Author: Cédric Villemain <cedric@2ndquadrant.fr>
Revamp the WAL record format.

Each WAL record now carries information about the modified relation and
block(s) in a standardized format. That makes it easier to write tools that
need that information, like pg_rewind, prefetching the blocks to speed up
recovery, etc.

There's a whole new API for building WAL records, replacing the XLogRecData
chains used previously. The new API consists of XLogRegister* functions,
which are called for each buffer and chunk of data that is added to the
record. The new API also gives more control over when a full-page image is
written, by passing flags to the XLogRegisterBuffer function.

This also simplifies the XLogReadBufferForRedo() calls. The function can dig
the relation and block number from the WAL record, so they no longer need to
be passed as arguments.

For the convenience of redo routines, XLogReader now disects each WAL record
after reading it, copying the main data part and the per-block data into
MAXALIGNed buffers. The data chunks are not aligned within the WAL record,
but the redo routines can assume that the pointers returned by XLogRecGet*
functions are. Redo routines are now passed the XLogReaderState, which
contains the record in the already-disected format, instead of the plain
XLogRecord.

The new record format also makes the fixed size XLogRecord header smaller,
by removing the xl_len field. The length of the "main data" portion is now
stored at the end of the WAL record, and there's a separate header after
XLogRecord for it. The alignment padding at the end of XLogRecord is also
removed. This compansates for the fact that the new format would otherwise
be more bulky than the old format.

Reviewed by Andres Freund, Amit Kapila, Michael Paquier, Alvaro Herrera,
Fujii Masao.
Silence compiler warning about variable being used uninitialized.

It's a false positive - the variable is only used when 'onleft' is true,
and it is initialized in that case. But the compiler doesn't necessarily
see that.
Add missing case for CustomScan.

Per KaiGai Kohei.

In passing improve formatting of some code added in commit 30d7ae3c,
because otherwise pgindent will make a mess of it.
Remove no-longer-needed phony typedefs in genbki.h.

Now that we have a policy of hiding varlena catalog fields behind
"#ifdef CATALOG_VARLEN", there is no need for their type names to be
acceptable to the C compiler.  And experimentation shows that it does
not matter to pgindent either.  (If it did, we'd have problems anyway,
since these typedefs are unreferenced so far as the C compiler is
concerned, and find_typedef fails to identify such typedefs.)

Hence, remove the phony typedefs that genbki.h provided to make
some varlena field definitions compilable.

In passing, rearrange #define's into what seemed a more logical order.
Fix another oversight in CustomScan patch.

disuse_physical_tlist() must work for all plan types handled by
create_scan_plan().
Fix another oversight in CustomScan patch.

execCurrent.c's search_plan_tree() must recognize a CustomScan on the
target relation.  This would only be helpful for custom providers that
support CurrentOfExpr quals, which is probably a bit far-fetched, but
it's not impossible I think.  But even without assuming that, we need
to recognize a scanned-relation match so that we will properly throw
error if the desired relation is being scanned with both a CustomScan
and a regular scan (ie, self-join).

Also recognize ForeignScanState for similar reasons.  Supporting WHERE
CURRENT OF on a foreign table is probably even more far-fetched than
it is for custom scans, but I think in principle you could do it with
postgres_fdw (or another FDW that supports the ctid column).  This
would be a back-patchable bug fix if existing FDWs handled CurrentOfExpr,
but I doubt any do so I won't bother back-patching.
Initial code review for CustomScan patch.

Get rid of the pernicious entanglement between planner and executor headers
introduced by commit 0b03e5951bf0a1a8868db13f02049cf686a82165.

Also, rearrange the CustomFoo struct/typedef definitions so that all the
typedef names are seen as used by the compiler.  Without this pgindent
will mess things up a bit, which is not so important perhaps, but it also
removes a bizarre discrepancy between the declaration arrangement used for
CustomExecMethods and that used for CustomScanMethods and
CustomPathMethods.

Clean up the commentary around ExecSupportsMarkRestore to reflect the
rather large change in its API.

Const-ify register_custom_path_provider's argument.  This necessitates
casting away const in the function, but that seems better than forcing
callers of the function to do so (or else not const-ify their method
pointer structs, which was sort of the whole point).

De-export fix_expr_common.  I don't like the exporting of fix_scan_expr
or replace_nestloop_params either, but this one surely has got little
excuse.
Remove dead code supporting mark/restore in SeqScan, TidScan, ValuesScan.

There seems no prospect that any of this will ever be useful, and indeed
it's questionable whether some of it would work if it ever got called;
it's certainly not been exercised in a very long time, if ever. So let's
get rid of it, and make the comments about mark/restore in execAmi.c less
wishy-washy.

The mark/restore support for Result nodes is also currently dead code,
but that's due to planner limitations not because it's impossible that
it could be useful.  So I left it in.
Add pageinspect functions for inspecting GIN indexes.

Patch by me, Peter Geoghegan and Michael Paquier, reviewed by Amit Kapila.
Fix bogus comments in XLogRecordAssemble

Pointed out by Michael Paquier