Flush stale column families less aggressively

Summary:
We've seen some production issues where column family is detected as stale, although there is only one column family in the system. This is a quick fix that:
1) doesn't flush stale column families if there's only one of them
2) Use 4 as a coefficient instead of 2 for determening when a column family is stale. This will make flushing less aggressive, while still keep a nice dynamic flushing of very stale CFs.

Test Plan: make check

Reviewers: dhruba, haobo, ljin, sdong

Reviewed By: sdong

Subscribers: leveldb

Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D18861
Only signal cond variable if need to

Summary:
At the end of BackgroundCallCompaction(), we call SignalAll(), even though we don't need to. If compaction hasn't done anything and there's another compaction running, there is no need to signal on the condition variable. Doing so creates a tight feedback loop which results in log files like:

   wait for memtable flush
   compaction nothing to do
   wait for memtable flush
   compaction nothing to do

This change eliminates that

Test Plan:
make check
Also:

    icanadi@dev1440 ~ $ grep "nothing to do" /fast-rocksdb-tmp/rocksdb_test/column_family_test/LOG | wc -l
    7435
    icanadi@dev1440 ~ $ grep "nothing to do" /fast-rocksdb-tmp/rocksdb_test/column_family_test/LOG | wc -l
    372

First version is before the change, second version is after the change.

Reviewers: dhruba, ljin, haobo, yhchiang, sdong

Reviewed By: sdong

Subscribers: leveldb

Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D18855
dynamic_bloom: replace some divide (remainder) operations with shifts in locality mode, and other improvements

Summary:
This patch changes meaning of options.bloom_locality: 0 means disable cache line optimization and any positive number means use CACHE_LINE_SIZE as block size (the previous behavior is the block size will be CACHE_LINE_SIZE*options.bloom_locality). By doing it, the divide operations inside a block can be replaced by a shift.

Performance is improved:
https://reviews.facebook.net/P471

Also, improve the basic algorithm in two ways:
(1) make sure num of blocks is an odd number
(2) rotate bytes after every probe in locality mode. Since the divider is 2^n, unless doing it, we are never able to use all the bits.
Improvements of false positive: https://reviews.facebook.net/P459

Test Plan: make all check

Reviewers: ljin, haobo

Reviewed By: haobo

Subscribers: dhruba, yhchiang, igor, leveldb

Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D18843
In DB::NewIterator(), try to allocate the whole iterator tree in an arena

Summary:
In this patch, try to allocate the whole iterator tree starting from DBIter from an arena
1. ArenaWrappedDBIter is created when serves as the entry point of an iterator tree, with an arena in it.
2. Add an option to create iterator from arena for following iterators: DBIter, MergingIterator, MemtableIterator, all mem table's iterators, all table reader's iterators and two level iterator.
3. MergeIteratorBuilder is created to incrementally build the tree of internal iterators. It is passed to mem table list and version set and add iterators to it.

Limitations:
(1) Only DB::NewIterator() without tailing uses the arena. Other cases, including readonly DB and compactions are still from malloc
(2) Two level iterator itself is allocated in arena, but not iterators inside it.

Test Plan: make all check

Reviewers: ljin, haobo

Reviewed By: haobo

Subscribers: leveldb, dhruba, yhchiang, igor

Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D18513