Add ResourceCatalog implementation

A ResourceCatalog is used to manage Resource entries, which correspond to data stored in a ResourceStorage. Each time a Resource is Put(), md5 and sha256 checksums are used to see if the underlying data is already stored, and if so a new entry is not created, but a ref count is incremented instead. The opposite happens on deletion.

The ResourceCatalog is not available externally - it will be used by the upcoming ManagedStorage implementation.
It would be easier to follow the tests if this were two separate methods: `assertGet` (maybe `assertGetUploaded`) and `assertGetPending`. There's only one shared line in the body anyway, excluding the if statement that would be redundant.