fix($compile): do not rebind parent bound transclude functions

Do not rebind parent bound transclude functions passed to the
link function returned from `$compile`. Change parameter
order of ```publicLinkFn``` to allow parent bound transclude
functions to be passed (do not make public yet).

The current `$compile` public API documentation indicates that
a transclude function may be passed as a second parameter, but
it is not clear that this is not the same function that is given
to directive link functions as the `transcludeFn` parameter. This
parameter must be passed in order to implement, for example,
lazy compilation.

In order to pass the `transcludeFn` parameter given to
a directive's link function, it must be passed to the
result of a call to `$compile` (i.e. `publicLinkFn`). Doing so,
however, would cause two bugs. First, the passed transclude
function would get rebound, improperly changing its scope
from its original binding. Second, the `containingScope` would
not be updated and the wrong `$parent` would be assigned to
the `transcludedScope` resulting in a memory leak. This patch
fixes both of these issues.

This patch does not expose a new public API for `publicLinkFn`,
rather, it leaves this to a later change that better considers
how that public API should look.

Thanks to @lgalfaso, @tbosch, and @petebacondarwin.

Related to #9413
I thought about this for a bit. I think the second directive is necessary to make clear what's being tested. This test is specifically for recursive transclusion, not for directive recursion -- which is its own entirely separate issue.