Add coding guidelines

These are the coding guidelines as updated from what originally was in
PyCogent. I took a pass through the document and updated where I saw fit,
however I know that people will like to add things that are currently not being
covered, so let me know and I'll add/change as needed.

The section that needs the most attention is the testing section. I updated it
but I know there might still be things that are missing as I'm not super
familiar with nose.

I've also added a minimal section about git that mainly points to other well
known and well written git guides.

Fixes #272
I would put "int" and "dict" in double-backticks, or spell them out (i.e., "integer" and "dictionary," respectively)