Courses API

This is a subset of #6109. The goal here is to trim the code down to exactly what will be needed by Insights and get it merged soon. We will revisit the other APIs soon after so that the edx-solutions fork isn't too divergent.

@mulby @mattdrayer @cpennington @ormsbee @dsjen @smagoun @shnayder @mikigoyal 
It seems odd to me that the incoming parameter is `type`, but the field name for the same value on the way out is `category`. This API should pick one and stick with it.