fix($http): add the PATCH shortcut back

The shortcut was dropped because it had a lot of unkowns about PATCH.
Since we already know that using PATCH is good
(http://www.mnot.net/blog/2012/09/05/patch), and only IE8 has issues with that,
let's add the shortcut back.

Closes #5894
fix($timeout/$interval): if invokeApply is false, do not use evalAsync

$evalAsync triggers a digest, and is unsuitable when it is expected that a digest should not occur.

BREAKING CHANGE

Previously, even if invokeApply was set to false, a $rootScope digest would occur during promise
resolution. This is no longer the case, as promises returned from $timeout and $interval will no
longer trigger $evalAsync (which in turn causes a $digest) if `invokeApply` is false.

Workarounds include manually triggering $scope.$apply(), or returning $q.defer().promise from a
promise callback, and resolving or rejecting it when appropriate.

    var interval = $interval(function() {
      if (someRequirementFulfilled) {
        $interval.cancel(interval);
        $scope.$apply();
      }
    }, 100, 0, false);

or:

    var interval = $interval(function (idx) {
      // make the magic happen
    }, 1000, 10, false);
    interval.then(function(idx) {
      var deferred = $q.defer();
      // do the asynchronous magic --- $evalAsync will cause a digest and cause
      // bindings to update.
      return deferred.promise;
    });

Closes #7999
Closes #7103
chore: use triple equals comparison with typeof operator.

It is common practice for typeof operator to be used with '==='.

Closes #8009
feat(jqLite): support isDefaultPrevented for triggerHandler dummies

triggerHandler sends dummy events to an element, but although the event includes the preventDefault method, there is no way to see if it was called for the event. This is sometimes important when testing directives that use preventDefault

Closes #8008
docs(input): fix a typo