Switch to purely namespaced enums

This breaks code that referred to variant names in the same namespace as
their enum. Reexport the variants in the old location or alter code to
refer to the new locations:

```
pub enum Foo {
    A,
    B
}

fn main() {
    let a = A;
}
```
=>
```
pub use self::Foo::{A, B};

pub enum Foo {
    A,
    B
}

fn main() {
    let a = A;
}
```
or
```
pub enum Foo {
    A,
    B
}

fn main() {
    let a = Foo::A;
}
```

[breaking-change]
auto merge of #18973 : sfackler/rust/enum-namespace-pt2, r=pcwalton

This breaks code that referred to variant names in the same namespace as
their enum. Reexport the variants in the old location or alter code to
refer to the new locations:

```
pub enum Foo {
    A,
    B
}

fn main() {
    let a = A;
}
```
=>
```
pub use self::Foo::{A, B};

pub enum Foo {
    A,
    B
}

fn main() {
    let a = A;
}
```
or
```
pub enum Foo {
    A,
    B
}

fn main() {
    let a = Foo::A;
}
```

[breaking-change]
std: Stabilize std::fmt

This commit applies the stabilization of std::fmt as outlined in [RFC 380][rfc].
There are a number of breaking changes as a part of this commit which will need
to be handled to migrated old code:

* A number of formatting traits have been removed: String, Bool, Char, Unsigned,
  Signed, and Float. It is recommended to instead use Show wherever possible or
  to use adaptor structs to implement other methods of formatting.

* The format specifier for Boolean has changed from `t` to `b`.

* The enum `FormatError` has been renamed to `Error` as well as becoming a unit
  struct instead of an enum. The `WriteError` variant no longer exists.

* The `format_args_method!` macro has been removed with no replacement. Alter
  code to use the `format_args!` macro instead.

* The public fields of a `Formatter` have become read-only with no replacement.
  Use a new formatting string to alter the formatting flags in combination with
  the `write!` macro. The fields can be accessed through accessor methods on the
  `Formatter` structure.

Other than these breaking changes, the contents of std::fmt should now also all
contain stability markers. Most of them are still #[unstable] or #[experimental]

[rfc]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0380-stabilize-std-fmt.md
[breaking-change]

Closes #18904