Added setRowOffsets to LiquidCrystal library

Original commit by Mark Sproul, but cleaned up by Matthijs Kooijman.
Make the LiquidCrystal row offsets uint8_t instead of int

Since these are memory addresses, there is no need to make them signed.
Furthermore, the HD44780 chip supports memory addresses up to 0x67, so
uint8_t shouldbe sufficient.
In LiquidCrystal::setCursor(), check against length of _row_offsets as well

Before, the row value was maximized against _numlines already, but the
value from _numlines is not limited anywhere, so it could be longer than
the length of _row_offsets. This check makes sure the array bounds is
never exceeded.
Support more LiquidCrystal displays out of the box

Previously, the row offsets were hardcoded to the ones used for 20x4
displays (which woudl also work for all 2-line displays). Now, the
number of columns given is used to calculate the offsets most likely to
apply.

For 2-line displays and 20x4 displays, the (used) offsets are completel
unchanged. With this change, common 16x4 displays and (if they even
exist) other 4-line and 3-line displays might also work (depending on
the hardware configuration used, of course).

See this page for some info on common LCD sizes and configurations
encountered in practice:

http://web.alfredstate.edu/weimandn/lcd/lcd_addressing/lcd_addressing_index.html
In LiquidCrystal::begin(), use a define instead of a hardcoded 0
In LiquidCrystal, remove an unused variable
Make the low available memory message a warning

Write the low available memory message to err rather than out so that it
appears more like a warning and is more noticeable.
Include stdint.h from IPAddress.h on SAM

This happened for AVR in 34885b01, this commit makes the SAM version
identical again.
Don't use IPAddress::_address from EthernetClass

EthernetClass is a friend class of IPAddress, so it is allowed to use
its _address attribute directly. However, it should be using
IPAddress::raw_address() instead, like all the other friend classes do.

This changes allows changing the _address attribute to fix some warnings
next.
Use a union in IPAddress for uint8_t[] <-> uint32_t conversion

Previously, pointer casting was used, but this resulted in strict-aliasing warnings:

IPAddress.h: In member function ‘IPAddress::operator uint32_t() const’:
IPAddress.h:46:61: warning: dereferencing type-punned pointer will break strict-aliasing rules [-Wstrict-aliasing]
     operator uint32_t() const { return *((uint32_t*)_address); };
                                                             ^
IPAddress.h: In member function ‘bool IPAddress::operator==(const IPAddress&) const’:
IPAddress.h:47:81: warning: dereferencing type-punned pointer will break strict-aliasing rules [-Wstrict-aliasing]
     bool operator==(const IPAddress& addr) const { return (*((uint32_t*)_address)) == (*((uint32_t*)addr._address)); };
                                                                                 ^
IPAddress.h:47:114: warning: dereferencing type-punned pointer will break strict-aliasing rules [-Wstrict-aliasing]
     bool operator==(const IPAddress& addr) const { return (*((uint32_t*)_address)) == (*((uint32_t*)addr._address)); };

Converting between unrelated types like this is commonly done using a union,
which do not break the strict-aliasing rules. Using that union, inside
IPAddress there is now an attribute _address.bytes for the raw byte
arra, or _address.dword for the uint32_t version.

Since we now have easy access to the uint32_t version, this also removes
two memcpy invocations that can just become assignments.

This patch does not change the generated code in any way, the compiler
already optimized away the memcpy calls and the previous casts mean
exactly the same.

This is a different implementation of a part of #1399 and it helps
toward fixing #1728.
Instead of #defining true and false, include stdbool.h

In C++, true and false are language keywords, so there is no need to
define them as macros. Including stdbool.h in C++ effectively changes
nothing. In C, true, false and also the bool type are not available, but
including stdbool.h will make them available.

Using stdbool.h means that we get true, false and the bool type in
whatever way the compiler thinks is best, which seems like a good idea
to me.

This also fixes the following compiler warnings if a .c file includes
both stdbool.h and Arduino.h:

	warning: "true" redefined [enabled by default]
	 #define true 0x1

	warning: "false" redefined [enabled by default]
	#define false 0x0

This fixes #1570 and helps toward fixing #1728.

This only changed the AVR core, the SAM core already doesn't define true
and false (but doesn't include stdbool.h either).
Sd2Card.cpp: fix compiler warning

All the while() loops that check for the SPI transfer to be complete have the
semi-colon immediately after the closing parenthesis.  This both causes a
compiler warning of "warning: suggest a space before ';' or explicit braces
around empty body in 'while' statement", and is considered a less-than-ideal
programming practice.  This patch breaks the semi-colon on to the next line,
both eliminating the compiler error and making the code more readable.

In all probability the test should be moved into a macro or a inlineable
sub-routine.
SD.c: Fix error in comment for remove()

Comment was duplicated from mkdir() and not updated.
Don't store peeked characters in a char variable

peekNextDigit() returns an int, so it can return -1 in addition to all
256 possible bytes. By putting the result in a signe char, all bytes
over 128 will be interpreted as "no bytes available". Furthermore, it
seems that on SAM "char" is unsigned by default, causing the
"if (c < 0)" line a bit further down to always be false.

Using an int is more appropriate.

A different fix for this issue was suggested in #1399. This fix helps
towards #1728.
Suppress "unused parameter" warnings

A bunch of functions have parameters they do not use, but which cannot
be removed for API compatibility.

In syscalls_sam3.c, there are a lot of these, so this adds an "UNUSED"
macro which adds the "unused" variable attribute if supported (GCC
specific), or is just a noop on other compilers.

In CDC.cpp, there's only three of these variables, so this commit just
forces a dummy evaluation of them to suppress the warnings.

This helps towards #1792.
Remove check that is always false

len is an unsigned variable, so it will never be less than 0.

This helps towards #1792.
Include stdio.h in dtostrf.c

This makes the declaration of sprintf available, so the function is not
implicitely declared, which triggers two compiler warnings.

This helps towards #1792
Fix two signedness warnings

This helps towards #1792
Remove const specifier from channelToTC array in analogWrite on SAM

Members of this array are later passed to functions that accept
non-const pointers. These functions probably don't modify their
arguments, so a better solution would be to update those functions to
accept const pointers. However, they look like third-party code, so that
would require changing the code again on every update. Removing const
here fixes at least the compiler warning for now.

This helps towards #1792.
Windows: arduino_debug.exe. Backport of ad2ff737bb871ebf9a1374924a58030cf7c73a68