Modernize `ArcanistCppcheckLinter`.

Summary: Ref T2039. Make the `ArcanistCppcheckLinter` compatible with `.arclint`.

Test Plan: Wrote and executed unit tests.

Reviewers: epriestley, #blessed_reviewers

Reviewed By: epriestley, #blessed_reviewers

Subscribers: epriestley, Korvin

Maniphest Tasks: T2039

Differential Revision: https://secure.phabricator.com/D9068