Simplify adding new database patches

Summary:
Currently, to add new migration patches you need to:

  - Add a file to `resources/sql/patches/`; then
  - add an entry to `src/infrastructure/storage/blahblah/BlahBlahBlah.php`.

The second step isn't actually necessary, and we've been using this system for a long time without any issues arising.

Instead of requiring manual adjustments to the patch list, infer the patch specifications from the files on disk so you don't need to do step 2.

Also, simplify the existing data, which can //mostly// be derived from patch names. There are a few exceptions/errors, noted inline, which are preserved for compatibility.

Test Plan:
  - For the new genration of `name` and `type`, I added code to check that the old and new values were the same before converting. This caught the two inline exceptions ("emailtableport", "drydockresouces").
  - Added new patches to `autopatches/` and ran `bin/storage status` to verify they got picked up correctly.

Reviewers: btrahan

Reviewed By: btrahan

CC: aran

Differential Revision: https://secure.phabricator.com/D7894