include header that declares __syscall_ret where it's defined

in general, we aim to always include the header that's declaring a
function before defining it so that the compiler can check that
prototypes match.

additionally, the internal syscall.h declares __syscall_ret with a
visibility attribute to improve code generation for shared libc (to
prevent gratuitous GOT-register loads). this declaration should be
visible at the point where __syscall_ret is defined, too, or the
inconsistency could theoretically lead to problems at link-time.

(cherry picked from commit 30c1205acd73c8481ca34f0a41de1d41884d07b5)
fix confstr return value

per the specification, the terminating null byte is counted.

(cherry picked from commit 0a8d98285f46f721dabf38485df916c02d6a4675)
fix microblaze syscall register clobbers

the kernel entry point for syscalls on microblaze nominally saves and
restores all registers, and testing on qemu always worked since qemu
behaves this way too. however, the real kernel treats r3:r4 as a
potential 64-bit return value from the syscall function, and copies
both over top of the saved registers before returning to userspace.
thus, we need to treat r4 as always-clobbered.

(cherry picked from commit 91d5aa06572d2660122f9a06ed242fef0383f292)
fix carry into uninitialized slots during printf floating point rounding

in cases where rounding caused a carry, the slot into which the carry
was taking place was unconditionally treated as valid, despite the
possibility that it could be a new slot prior to the beginning of the
existing non-rounded number. in theory this could lead to unbounded
runaway carry, but in order for that to happen, the whole
uninitialized buffer would need to have been pre-filled with 32-bit
integer values greater than or equal to 999999999.

patch based on proposed fix by Morten Welinder, who also discovered
and reported the bug.

(cherry picked from commit 109048e031f39fbb370211fde44ababf6c04c8fb)
fix failure of printf %g to strip trailing zeros in some cases

the code to strip trailing zeros was only looking in the last slot for
up to 9 zeros, assuming that the rounding code had already removed
fully-zero slots from the end. however, this ignored cases where the
rounding code did not run at all, which occur when the value being
printed is exactly representable in the requested precision.

the simplest solution is to move the code that strips trailing zero
slots to run unconditionally, immediately after rounding, rather than
as the last step of rounding.

(cherry picked from commit 89740868c9f1c84b8ee528468d12df1fa72cd392)
fix printf rounding with %g for some corner case midpoints

the subsequent rounding code assumes the end pointer (z) accurately
reflects the end of significance in the decimal expansion, but for
certain large integers, spurious trailing zero slots were left behind
when applying the binary exponent.

issue reported by Morten Welinder; the analysis of the cause was
performed by nsz, who also proposed this change.

(cherry picked from commit e94d0692864ecf9522fd6a97610a47a2f718d3de)
fix search past the end of haystack in memmem

to optimize the search, memchr is used to find the first occurrence of
the first character of the needle in the haystack before switching to
a search for the full needle. however, the number of characters
skipped by this first step were not subtracted from the haystack
length, causing memmem to search past the end of the haystack.

(cherry picked from commit 6fbdeff0e51f6afc38fbb1476a4db81322779da4)
math: fix aliasing violation in long double wrappers

modfl and sincosl were passing long double* instead of double*
to the wrapped double precision functions (on archs where long
double and double have the same size).
This is fixed now by using temporaries (this is not optimized
to a single branch so the generated code is a bit bigger).
Found by Morten Welinder.

(cherry picked from commit 73c870ed3209b68b5c8c350534508cc9d95a6bcb)
use hidden visibility rather than protected for syscall internals

the use of visibility at all is purely an optimization to avoid the
need for the caller to load the GOT register or similar to prepare for
a call via the PLT. there is no reason for these symbols to be
externally visible, so hidden works just as well as protected, and
using protected visibility is undesirable due to toolchain bugs and
the lack of testing it receives.

in particular, GCC's microblaze target is known to generate symbolic
relocations in the GOT for functions with protected visibility. this
in turn results in a dynamic linker which crashes under any nontrivial
usage that requires making a syscall before symbolic relocations are
processed.

(cherry picked from commit 83c98aac4c43f9571e8f92a1c795afe02c237d4b)
fix fallback code for old kernels in clock_gettime

(cherry picked from commit 805698401dbac7ce3079fa97eaad5ba0508377f4)
fix RLIMIT_ constants for mips

The mips arch is special in that it uses different RLIMIT_
numbers than other archs, so allow bits/resource.h to override
the default RLIMIT_ numbers (empty on all archs except mips).
Reported by orc.

(cherry picked from commit fcea534e579077e10456f6ed06c033dfaa013a24)
fix deadlock race in pthread_once

at the end of successful pthread_once, there was a race window during
which another thread calling pthread_once would momentarily change the
state back from 2 (finished) to 1 (in-progress). in this case, the
status was immediately changed back, but with no wake call, meaning
that waiters which arrived during this short window could block
forever. there are two possible fixes. one would be adding the wake to
the code path where it was missing. but it's better just to avoid
reverting the status at all, by using compare-and-swap instead of
swap.

(cherry picked from commit 0d0c2f40344640a2a6942dda156509593f51db5d)