Attribute API 2

**NOTE:** This RFC is incomplete, the specification of the new feature is TBD.

This RFC describes a new attributes API to be added alongside the current one. The goals of this new API are:

* Separate desired and observed state.
* Structure the syntax in a way that "trainwreck" errors
  (`NoMethodError` for `[]` on `nil`) can be avoided.
* Structure the syntax in a way that attribute tracing can be
  implemented simply.
* Separate node-specific persistent storage from
  cookbook/role/environment attributes.
* Structure the syntax in a way that can be implemented efficiently.

This RFC is adapted from https://github.com/opscode/chef-rfc/pull/9 which is retracted.
Worth keeping [RFC 18](https://github.com/opscode/chef-rfc/blob/master/rfc018-attribute-syntax.md) in mind too, for the simple cases. `node['foo.bar']` could be handled nicely (or `node.attr('foo.bar')`) but you can still drop down to a lower API that could give you back nils if you want it.