rados: Parse command-line arguments strictly

Many integers were parsed with functions that silently ignored junk at
the end of the string.  Extra characters now cause errors.

Fixes: 8983
Signed-off-by: Adam Crume <adamcrume@gmail.com>
There are strict_strto* variants in common/strtol.h that can be used here instead (or maybe strict_sistrtoll() as appropriate)