mm: Do not stall in synchronous compaction for THP allocations
Changelog since V1
  o Update changelog with more detail
  o Add comment on __GFP_NO_KSWAPD

Occasionally during large file copies to slow storage, there are still
reports of user-visible stalls when THP is enabled. Reports on this
have been intermittent and not reliable to reproduce locally but;

Andy Isaacson reported a problem copying to VFAT on SD Card
https://lkml.org/lkml/2011/11/7/2

In this case, it was stuck in munmap for betwen 20 and 60
seconds in compaction. It is also possible that khugepaged
was holding mmap_sem on this process if CONFIG_NUMA was set.

Johannes Weiner reported stalls on USB
https://lkml.org/lkml/2011/7/25/378

In this case, there is no stack trace but it looks like the
same problem. The USB stick may have been using NTFS as a
filesystem based on other work done related to writing back
to USB around the same time.

Internally in SUSE, I received a bug report related to stalls in firefox
when using Java and Flash heavily while copying from NFS
to VFAT on USB. It has not been confirmed to be the same problem
but if it looks like a duck and quacks like a duck.....

In the past, commit [11bc82d6: mm: compaction: Use async migration for
__GFP_NO_KSWAPD and enforce no writeback] forced that sync compaction
would never be used for THP allocations. This was reverted in commit
[c6a140bf: mm/compaction: reverse the change that forbade sync
migraton with __GFP_NO_KSWAPD] on the grounds that it was uncertain
it was beneficial.

While user-visible stalls do not happen for me when writing to USB,
I setup a test running postmark while short-lived processes created
anonymous mapping. The objective was to exercise the paths that
allocate transparent huge pages. I then logged when processes were
stalled for more than 1 second, recorded a stack strace and did some
analysis to aggregate unique 'stall events' which revealed

Time stalled in this event:    47369 ms
Event count:                      20
usemem               sleep_on_page          3690 ms
usemem               sleep_on_page          2148 ms
usemem               sleep_on_page          1534 ms
usemem               sleep_on_page          1518 ms
usemem               sleep_on_page          1225 ms
usemem               sleep_on_page          2205 ms
usemem               sleep_on_page          2399 ms
usemem               sleep_on_page          2398 ms
usemem               sleep_on_page          3760 ms
usemem               sleep_on_page          1861 ms
usemem               sleep_on_page          2948 ms
usemem               sleep_on_page          1515 ms
usemem               sleep_on_page          1386 ms
usemem               sleep_on_page          1882 ms
usemem               sleep_on_page          1850 ms
usemem               sleep_on_page          3715 ms
usemem               sleep_on_page          3716 ms
usemem               sleep_on_page          4846 ms
usemem               sleep_on_page          1306 ms
usemem               sleep_on_page          1467 ms
[<ffffffff810ef30c>] wait_on_page_bit+0x6c/0x80
[<ffffffff8113de9f>] unmap_and_move+0x1bf/0x360
[<ffffffff8113e0e2>] migrate_pages+0xa2/0x1b0
[<ffffffff81134273>] compact_zone+0x1f3/0x2f0
[<ffffffff811345d8>] compact_zone_order+0xa8/0xf0
[<ffffffff811346ff>] try_to_compact_pages+0xdf/0x110
[<ffffffff810f773a>] __alloc_pages_direct_compact+0xda/0x1a0
[<ffffffff810f7d5d>] __alloc_pages_slowpath+0x55d/0x7a0
[<ffffffff810f8151>] __alloc_pages_nodemask+0x1b1/0x1c0
[<ffffffff811331db>] alloc_pages_vma+0x9b/0x160
[<ffffffff81142bb0>] do_huge_pmd_anonymous_page+0x160/0x270
[<ffffffff814410a7>] do_page_fault+0x207/0x4c0
[<ffffffff8143dde5>] page_fault+0x25/0x30

The stall times are approximate at best but the estimates represent 25%
of the worst stalls and even if the estimates are off by a factor of
10, it's severe.

This patch once again prevents sync migration for transparent
hugepage allocations as it is preferable to fail a THP allocation
than stall.

It was suggested that __GFP_NORETRY be used instead of __GFP_NO_KSWAPD
to look less like a special case. This would prevent THP allocation
using sync compaction but it would have other side-effects. There are
existing users of __GFP_NORETRY that are doing high-order allocations
and while they can handle allocation failure, it seems reasonable that
they continue to use sync compaction unless there is a deliberate
reason to change that. To help clarify this for the future, this
patch updates the comment for __GFP_NO_KSWAPD.

If accepted, this is a -stable candidate.

Reported-by: Andy Isaacson <adi@hexapodia.org>
Reported-and-tested-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reviewed-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>