Distinguish XLOG_FPI records generated for hint-bit updates.

Add a new XLOG_FPI_FOR_HINT record type, and use that for full-page images
generated for hint bit updates, when checksums are enabled. The new record
type is replayed exactly the same as XLOG_FPI, but allows them to be tallied
separately e.g. in pg_xlogdump.
Add a few paragraphs to B-tree README explaining L&Y algorithm.

This gives an overview of what Lehman & Yao's paper is all about, so that
you can understand the rest of the README without having to read the paper.

Per discussion with Peter Geoghegan and others.
Add infrastructure to save and restore GUC values.

This is further infrastructure for parallelism.

Amit Khandekar, Noah Misch, Robert Haas
Make Port->ssl_in_use available, even when built with !USE_SSL

Code that check the flag no longer need #ifdef's, which is more convenient.
In particular, makes it easier to write extensions that depend on it.

In the passing, modify sslinfo's ssl_is_used function to check ssl_in_use
instead of the OpenSSL specific 'ssl' pointer. It doesn't make any
difference currently, as sslinfo is only compiled when built with OpenSSL,
but seems cleaner anyway.
Check return value of strdup() in libpq connection option parsing.

An out-of-memory in most of these would lead to strange behavior, like
connecting to a different database than intended, but some would lead to
an outright segfault.

Alex Shulgin and me. Backpatch to all supported versions.
Suppress DROP CASCADE notices in regression tests

In the regression tests, when doing cascaded drops, we need to suppress
the notices from DROP CASCADE or there can be transient regression
failures as the order of drops can depend on the physical row order in
pg_depend.

Report and fix suggestion from Tom.
Allow "dbname" from connection string to be overridden in PQconnectDBParams

If the "dbname" attribute in PQconnectDBParams contained a connection string
or URI (and expand_dbname = TRUE), the database name from the connection
string could not be overridden by a subsequent "dbname" keyword in the
array. That was not intentional; all other options can be overridden.
Furthermore, any subsequent "dbname" caused the connection string from the
first dbname value to be processed again, overriding any values for the same
options that were given between the connection string and the second dbname
option.

In the passing, clarify in the docs that only the first dbname option in the
array is parsed as a connection string.

Alex Shulgin. Backpatch to all supported versions.
Allow using connection URI in primary_conninfo.

The old method of appending options to the connection string didn't work if
the primary_conninfo was a postgres:// style URI, instead of a traditional
connection string. Use PQconnectdbParams instead.

Alex Shulgin
Add int64 -> int8 mapping to genbki

Per discussion with Tom and Andrew, 64bit integers are no longer a
problem for the catalogs, so go ahead and add the mapping from the C
int64 type to the int8 SQL identification to allow using them.

Patch by Adam Brightwell
Support arrays as input to array_agg() and ARRAY(SELECT ...).

These cases formerly failed with errors about "could not find array type
for data type".  Now they yield arrays of the same element type and one
higher dimension.

The implementation involves creating functions with API similar to the
existing accumArrayResult() family.  I (tgl) also extended the base family
by adding an initArrayResult() function, which allows callers to avoid
special-casing the zero-inputs case if they just want an empty array as
result.  (Not all do, so the previous calling convention remains valid.)
This allowed simplifying some existing code in xml.c and plperl.c.

Ali Akbar, reviewed by Pavel Stehule, significantly modified by me
De-reserve most statement-introducing keywords in plpgsql.

Add a bit of context sensitivity to plpgsql_yylex() so that it can
recognize when the word it is looking at is the first word of a new
statement, and if so whether it is the target of an assignment statement.
When we are at start of statement and it's not an assignment, we can
prefer recognizing unreserved keywords over recognizing variable names,
thereby allowing most statements' initial keywords to be demoted from
reserved to unreserved status.  This is rather useful already (there are
15 such words that get demoted here), and what's more to the point is
that future patches proposing to add new plpgsql statements can avoid
objections about having to add new reserved words.

The keywords BEGIN, DECLARE, FOR, FOREACH, LOOP, WHILE need to remain
reserved because they can be preceded by block labels, and the logic
added here doesn't understand about block labels.  In principle we
could probably fix that, but it would take more than one token of
lookback and the benefit doesn't seem worth extra complexity.

Also note I didn't de-reserve EXECUTE, because it is used in more places
than just statement start.  It's possible it could be de-reserved with
more work, but that would be an independent fix.

In passing, also de-reserve COLLATE and DEFAULT, which shouldn't have
been reserved in the first place since they only need to be recognized
within DECLARE sections.
action_at_recovery_target recovery config option

action_at_recovery_target = pause | promote | shutdown

Petr Jelinek

Reviewed by Muhammad Asif Naeem, Fujji Masao and
Simon Riggs
Fix uninitialized-variable warning.

In passing, add an Assert defending the presumption that bytes_left
is positive to start with.  (I'm not exactly convinced that using an
unsigned type was such a bright thing here, but let's at least do
this much.)
Remove extraneous SGML tag
Attempt to suppress uninitialized variable warning.

Report by Heikki Linnakangas.
doc: Fix markup
Remove dead function prototype

It was added in commit efc16ea5, but never defined.
Rename pg_rowsecurity -> pg_policy and other fixes

As pointed out by Robert, we should really have named pg_rowsecurity
pg_policy, as the objects stored in that catalog are policies.  This
patch fixes that and updates the column names to start with 'pol' to
match the new catalog name.

The security consideration for COPY with row level security, also
pointed out by Robert, has also been addressed by remembering and
re-checking the OID of the relation initially referenced during COPY
processing, to make sure it hasn't changed under us by the time we
finish planning out the query which has been built.

Robert and Alvaro also commented on missing OCLASS and OBJECT entries
for POLICY (formerly ROWSECURITY or POLICY, depending) in various
places.  This patch fixes that too, which also happens to add the
ability to COMMENT on policies.

In passing, attempt to improve the consistency of messages, comments,
and documentation as well.  This removes various incarnations of
'row-security', 'row-level security', 'Row-security', etc, in favor
of 'policy', 'row level security' or 'row_security' as appropriate.

Happy Thanksgiving!
Free libxml2/libxslt resources in a safer order.

Mark Simonetti reported that libxslt sometimes crashes for him, and that
swapping xslt_process's object-freeing calls around to do them in reverse
order of creation seemed to fix it.  I've not reproduced the crash, but
valgrind clearly shows a reference to already-freed memory, which is
consistent with the idea that shutdown of the xsltTransformContext is
trying to reference the already-freed stylesheet or input document.
With this patch, valgrind is no longer unhappy.

I have an inquiry in to see if this is a libxslt bug or if we're just
abusing the library; but even if it's a library bug, we'd want to adjust
our code so it doesn't fail with unpatched libraries.

Back-patch to all supported branches, because we've been doing this in
the wrong(?) order for a long time.
Mark response messages for translation in pg_isready.

Back-patch to 9.3 where pg_isready was added.

Mats Erik Andersson