(maint) Reduce redundancy in Puppet::Util::Posix

Before this commit `Puppet::Util::Posix` had duplicate error
handling code for retrieving the actual ID, either of a group or
user. This commit refactors those two methods to abstract away
the location of the source of truth, either the `group` file
or the `passwd` file, and the logic for handling whether or not
a numeric ID or a name was passed in.
Merge pull request #2738 from gchronis/maint/master/remove_duplication_from_posix_util

(maint) Reduce redundancy in Puppet::Util::Posix