fix handling of negative offsets in timezone spec strings

previously, the hours were considered as a signed quantity while
minutes and seconds were always treated as positive offsets. however,
semantically the '-' sign should negate the whole hh:mm:ss offset.
this bug only affected timezones east of GMT with non-whole-hours
offsets, such as those used in India and Nepal.
add explicit barrier operation to internal atomic.h API
fix missing barrier in pthread_once/call_once shortcut path

these functions need to be fast when the init routine has already run,
since they may be called very often from code which depends on global
initialization having taken place. as such, a fast path bypassing
atomic cas on the once control object was used to avoid heavy memory
contention. however, on archs with weakly ordered memory, the fast
path failed to ensure that the caller actually observes the side
effects of the init routine.

preliminary performance testing showed that simply removing the fast
path was not practical; a performance drop of roughly 85x was observed
with 20 threads hammering the same once control on a 24-core machine.
so the new explicit barrier operation from atomic.h is used to retain
the fast path while ensuring memory visibility.

performance may be reduced on some archs where the barrier actually
makes a difference, but the previous behavior was unsafe and incorrect
on these archs. future improvements to the implementation of a_barrier
should reduce the impact.