Use CacheControl instead of custom cache code

* Deprecates the --download-cache option & removes the download
  cache code.
* Removes the in memory page cache on the index
* Uses CacheControl to cache all cacheable HTTP requests to the
  filesystem.
  * Properly handles CacheControl headers for unconditional
    caching.
  * Will use ETag and Last-Modified headers to attempt to do a
    conditional HTTP request to speed up cache misses and turn
    them into cache hits.
  * Removes some concurrency unsafe code in the download cache
    accesses.
  * Uses a Cache-Control request header to limit the maximum
    length of time a cache is valid for.
* Adds pip.appdirs to handle platform specific application
  directories such as cache, config, data, etc.