Fixes #164 - add initial guide on testing elements

reviewers: @ebidel @robdodson 

Preview: https://github.com/Polymer/docs/blob/4b8e748dad6007bc859ae057ba6f20610fa25a0a/articles/unit-testing-elements.md

I plan on following this up later in Q4 with a more detailed end-to-end walkthrough, but this will at least give us something until then. Go go testing!

Kinda: observers are still not synchronous, so `flush` is still helpful to get a callback after all the observer microtasks have run