Optimized HashMap. RawTable exposes a safe interface.

First, a benchmark of the original hashmap implementation on Intel i3.
```
find_existing    ... 54450 ns/iter (+/- 5524)
find_nonexisting ... 52472 ns/iter (+/- 1672)
find_pop_insert  ...   262 ns/iter (+/- 3)
hashmap_as_queue ...   148 ns/iter (+/- 0)
insert           ...   183 ns/iter (+/- 6)
new_drop         ...   200 ns/iter (+/- 52)
new_insert_drop  ...   317 ns/iter (+/- 104)
```

## `bucket_distance` and `pop_internal`

A branchless implementation of probe count calculation. A branch just avoided unsigned underflow. Since the `capacity` is a power of 2, we can ignore underflow and simply return the difference modulo capacity. We can use the fact that 'an index argument >= capacity' is acceptable later on.

`pop_internal` returns `V` instead of `Option<V>`.

No more low hanging fruits...

## iteration over buckets

Let's use external iterators for their greatest advantage in Rust: to avoid bounds checks and indexing. Thus `{Empty,Full}Index` becomes `{Empty,Full}Bucket`.

The growing is done an optimized reinsertion algorithm based on `insert_hashed_ordered`. `HashMap::new()` returns a table with the capacity set to 0. Hashmaps that never had an element inserted won't allocate, as measured by `bench::new_drop`.

Removed two pointers from `RawTable` as they can be recalculated once per iteration rather than every indexing operation. `RawTable` struct is as small as `Vec` with 24 bytes.

Reduced code duplication between `swap` and `insert_hashed_nocheck`. Created a new method `insert_or_replace_with` that accepts a simple closure for this. Moreover, `robin_hood` will most likely get inlined.

```
find_existing    ... 45556 ns/iter (+/- 1510)
find_nonexisting ... 43812 ns/iter (+/- 1212)
find_pop_insert  ...   224 ns/iter (+/- 9)
hashmap_as_queue ...   134 ns/iter (+/- 0)
insert           ...   183 ns/iter (+/- 14)
new_drop         ...   118 ns/iter (+/- 2)
new_insert_drop  ...   241 ns/iter (+/- 29)
```

## safe interface

This is possible thanks to a lot of prior work by @nikomatsakis! Relevant commit: https://github.com/nikomatsakis/rust/commit/2fcb95b50e5a82c63b82241b98074869b50e1796

To eliminate the double-take issue, we must tie a bucket pointer to a reference to the table within a private structure. Only a bucket that holds a unique reference can be updated. `GapThenFull` uses a similar strategy to encapsulate two consecutive buckets and a single reference. Some of HashMap's methods became functions parameterized over mutability.

We could use an uninit reference or drop trickery to replace one zeroing of a bucket's hash per `shift` of `GapThenFull` with a single memory access. The former language feature is not planned and the latter seems inefficient.

```
find_existing    ... 48131 ns/iter (+/- 3469)
find_nonexisting ... 48518 ns/iter (+/- 1785)
find_pop_insert  ...   238 ns/iter (+/- 5)
hashmap_as_queue ...   131 ns/iter (+/- 2)
insert           ...   217 ns/iter (+/- 6)
new_drop         ...   120 ns/iter (+/- 11)
new_insert_drop  ...   238 ns/iter (+/- 25)
```

## split hashmap.rs into separate files

Total number of lines approaches 3000.

## final refactoring

Standalone `robin_hood`.

I realized that `insert_or_update_with` can call `insert_or_replace_with` directly.

Inlining now started happening in microbenchmarks for some reason. Looks like `search_hashed_generic` is quite small:
```
find_existing    ... 51137 ns/iter (+/- 8663)
find_nonexisting ... 17286 ns/iter (+/- 2961)
find_pop_insert  ...   198 ns/iter (+/- 4)
hashmap_as_queue ...   134 ns/iter (+/- 1)
insert           ...   220 ns/iter (+/- 5)
new_drop         ...   121 ns/iter (+/- 11)
new_insert_drop  ...   234 ns/iter (+/- 6)
```

## conclusion
Further optimizations are increasingly difficult, usually they would make the code unreadable or would require new language features.

It's possible to build cache aware HashMap on top of a vector of SoAs, such as `Vec<([u64, ..N], [K, ..N], [V, ..N])>`. Possibility of in-place growing is the only performance advantage of this approach. Unfortunately, [an increase in iteration complexity](https://github.com/pczarn/code/blob/master/rust/vectrivec/mod.rs) surpasses benefits of storage reuse.

Documentation is not finished. Most methods need more comments and tests.

Robin hood hashing scheme was introduced in #12081.

cc @cgaebel
Yes, you can use proper types,

```rust
struct ...<K, V> { inner: Map<...> }
```

etc.

IMO, the standard library should always be using concrete types anyway, for maximum flexibility (e.g. the various different versions of `Iterator` that might apply). That RFC mainly applies to things where either it's impossible to name the type, or to small single-purpose functions where the flexibility of a concrete return type is unnecessary.