Allow generic decoding of usage into a type

When writing a generic decode function over any types, one is tempted to write
something along the lines of:

    extern crate serialize;
    extern crate docopt;
    use serialize::Decodable;

    fn foo<'a, T>(usage: &str) -> T
                  where T: Decodable<docopt::Decoder<'a>, docopt::Error> {
        let map = docopt::docopt(usage).unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit());
        map.decode().unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit())
    }

Currently there are two problems with this approach.

1. The `docopt::Decoder` structure is private, so it cannot be referenced in a
   function signature.
2. The lifetime parameter on `Decoder` prevents usage of the local variable
   `map`. The `decode` function requires `&'a self`, which requires callers of
   this function to provide a lifetime variable `'a` which is the lifetime of
   the stack frame of `foo` itself. Sadly this cannot currently be done (higher
   ranked trait lifetimes maybe?).

To work around these two problems, I've made the `Decoder` structure public and
changed the `decode` method on `ValueMap` to consume the map, removing the
lifetime parameter on `Decoder`.

There may be some more generic wizardry to get around this problem, but this at
least seems to work for now!
Merge pull request #31 from alexcrichton/decode-consume

Allow generic decoding of usage into a type