Rails4 upgrade

Okay, this is a big one! **Rails 4 Upgrade**

## Please take special note of a few things in particular:

1. I've upgraded FriendlyId to 5 which included lots of changes. In an effort to get tests passing again, I disabled the reserved words feature, but we should probably add this back in. Also, when looking up records by a FriendlyId it is now recommended to do this: `Model.friendly.find(id)`. But again, to expedite the Rails 4 upgrade I disabled this to mimic the old behavior: `Model.find(id)`. We may want to enable the default, recommended behavior.

2. All sweeper models broke in the upgrade because Observers were extracted into a gem. However, adding the gem back in did not fix the sweepers immediately. This is because to make observers work, the sweepers must inherit from `ActionController::Caching::Sweeper`, but this class does not implement `expire_fragment`. Therefore, I made a Sweeper class that inherits from `ActionController::Caching::Sweeper` and mixes in `ActionController::Caching::Fragments` (in which `expire_fragments` resides). This seems to work fine, but it definitely needs closer attention by someone who understands Rails caching better than I. (By the way, why are the sweepers in the models directory? Shouldn't they be with controllers?)

3. I turned off verify partial doubles in RSpec, but we may want to re-enable that feature.

4. Generally, I have tried to get back to green (passing tests) as quickly as possibly, without worrying too much about new Rails 4 features. I think we should definitely consider implementing some of them in separate stories though. For example, the following:

    i. Turbolinks
    ii. Concerns
    iii. secrets.yml