Consolidated Stale Pull Requests & Cleanup

* Resolved conflicts from olethanh's stale pull request #29, squashed his commits
* Included jlowin's fixes from #54
* Fixed some typos, added some docstrings
For my understanding, the defaults functions for "processor" and "scorer" are now set in the function definition to make the function more concise.

But I'm open to reverting to previous handling of default args if you have any concerns.