Place all javascript into asset pipeline (fixes most JS)

Okay,

So please be careful with this PR and test the branch out to make sure everything behaves as before.

I've done the following:
- Places every app-specific javascript script into the asset pipeline
- Placed the Ruby logic used inside the scripts on the DOM that's accessed via `jQuery.data()`
- Defined a global script for accessing static asset paths
- Wrapped some scripts in the DOM-ready closure `$(function(){});`
- Removed duplicate `<script>` declarations of libraries
- Removed duplicate import of bootstrap here and there
- Disabled `turbolinks` until we fully fix most javascript and use `gmaps4rails` gem for all maps API calls (its aware of turbolinks whereas our naive implementation is not)
- __Bonus!__ Fix the dropdown navigation display by removing an `overflow: auto` property in a parent selector.

There's more work to be done. My focus was porting the javascript into the pipeline, not fixing its functionally. This should unblock most of the blockers from getting us back into production deployment again.