Fix infinite recursion in type checker on recursive items

Recursive items are currently detected in the `check_const` pass which runs after type checking.  This means a recursive static item used as an array length will cause type checking to blow the stack.  This PR separates the recursion check out into a separate pass which is run before type checking.

Closes issue #17252

r? @nick29581
The pass uses `span_fatal`, so only one instance can be detected per file.