Add cargo {test,bench} -p <spec>

This functionality allows running tests and benchmarks on any upstream
dependencies in the dependency graph. This is most useful for path sources all
developed in tandem (see Servo for instance).

In terms of built artifacts, this will actually preserve as many artifacts as
possible. That means that if you test a low-level dependency with the high-level
artifacts already built, the high-level artifacts will not get removed. This
means that it's possible to accidentally have a low-level dependency to depend
on a higher level one just because it's lib is picked up via -L, but this is
generally a necessary evil to get testing to not rebuild packages too often.

Closes #483