doc: Fix DocBook table column count declaration

This was broken in 26cd1d7d9513b2b490efc746551ec5a786b56212.
Allow polymorphic aggregates to have non-polymorphic state data types.

Before 9.4, such an aggregate couldn't be declared, because its final
function would have to have polymorphic result type but no polymorphic
argument, which CREATE FUNCTION would quite properly reject.  The
ordered-set-aggregate patch found a workaround: allow the final function
to be declared as accepting additional dummy arguments that have types
matching the aggregate's regular input arguments.  However, we failed
to notice that this problem applies just as much to regular aggregates,
despite the fact that we had a built-in regular aggregate array_agg()
that was known to be undeclarable in SQL because its final function
had an illegal signature.  So what we should have done, and what this
patch does, is to decouple the extra-dummy-arguments behavior from
ordered-set aggregates and make it generally available for all aggregate
declarations.  We have to put this into 9.4 rather than waiting till
later because it slightly alters the rules for declaring ordered-set
aggregates.

The patch turned out a bit bigger than I'd hoped because it proved
necessary to record the extra-arguments option in a new pg_aggregate
column.  I'd thought we could just look at the final function's pronargs
at runtime, but that didn't work well for variadic final functions.
It's probably just as well though, because it simplifies life for pg_dump
to record the option explicitly.

While at it, fix array_agg() to have a valid final-function signature,
and add an opr_sanity test to notice future deviations from polymorphic
consistency.  I also marked the percentile_cont() aggregates as not
needing extra arguments, since they don't.
Fix incorrect pg_proc.proallargtypes entries for two built-in functions.

pg_sequence_parameters() and pg_identify_object() have had incorrect
proallargtypes entries since 9.1 and 9.3 respectively.  This was mostly
masked by the correct information in proargtypes, but a few operations
such as pg_get_function_arguments() (and thus psql's \df display) would
show the wrong data types for these functions' input parameters.

In HEAD, fix the wrong info, bump catversion, and add an opr_sanity
regression test to catch future mistakes of this sort.

In the back branches, just fix the wrong info so that installations
initdb'd with future minor releases will have the right data.  We
can't force an initdb, and it doesn't seem like a good idea to add
a regression test that will fail on existing installations.

Andres Freund
Properly build pg_recvlogical in the msvc build system

Michael Paquier
Reset pg_stat_activity.xact_start during PREPARE TRANSACTION.

Once we've completed a PREPARE, our session is not running a transaction,
so its entry in pg_stat_activity should show xact_start as null, rather
than leaving the value as the start time of the now-prepared transaction.

I think possibly this oversight was triggered by faulty extrapolation
from the adjacent comment that says PrepareTransaction should not call
AtEOXact_PgStat, so tweak the wording of that comment.

Noted by Andres Freund while considering bug #10123 from Maxim Boguk,
although this error doesn't seem to explain that report.

Back-patch to all active branches.
Fix race when updating a tuple concurrently locked by another process

If a tuple is locked, and this lock is later upgraded either to an
update or to a stronger lock, and in the meantime some other process
tries to lock, update or delete the same tuple, it (the tuple) could end
up being updated twice, or having conflicting locks held.

The reason for this is that the second updater checks for a change in
Xmax value, or in the HEAP_XMAX_IS_MULTI infomask bit, after noticing
the first lock; and if there's a change, it restarts and re-evaluates
its ability to update the tuple.  But it neglected to check for changes
in lock strength or in lock-vs-update status when those two properties
stayed the same.  This would lead it to take the wrong decision and
continue with its own update, when in reality it shouldn't do so but
instead restart from the top.

This could lead to either an assertion failure much later (when a
multixact containing multiple updates is detected), or duplicate copies
of tuples.

To fix, make sure to compare the other relevant infomask bits alongside
the Xmax value and HEAP_XMAX_IS_MULTI bit, and restart from the top if
necessary.

Also, in the belt-and-suspenders spirit, add a check to
MultiXactCreateFromMembers that a multixact being created does not have
two or more members that are claimed to be updates.  This should protect
against other bugs that might cause similar bogus situations.

Backpatch to 9.3, where the possibility of multixacts containing updates
was introduced.  (In prior versions it was possible to have the tuple
lock upgraded from shared to exclusive, and an update would not restart
from the top; yet we're protected against a bug there because there's
always a sleep to wait for the locking transaction to complete before
continuing to do anything.  Really, the fact that tuple locks always
conflicted with concurrent updates is what protected against bugs here.)

Per report from Andrew Dunstan and Josh Berkus in thread at
http://www.postgresql.org/message-id/534C8B33.9050807@pgexperts.com

Bug analysis by Andres Freund.
Clean up temp installations after client program tests.

Commit 7d0f493f19607774fdccb1a1ea06fdd96a3d9698 added infrastructure
to perform tests in assorted src/bin/ subdirectories, but forgot to
teach "make clean" to clean up the detritus the tests leave behind.
Fix off-by-one bug in LWLockRegisterTranche().

Original coding failed to enlarge the array as required if
the requested tranche_id was equal to LWLockTranchesAllocated.

In passing, fix poor style of not casting the result of (re)palloc.
Record the proper typmod for an index expression column.

We should use exprTypmod() to extract the typmod of the expression,
instead of just blindly storing -1.  This seems to have been an aboriginal
oversight in commit fc8d970cbcdd6f025475822a4cf01dfda0873226 which
introduced general-expression indexes.  The consequences are only cosmetic
at present, since the index machinery doesn't really look at typmod for
index columns; but still it seems best to describe the column type as
precisely as we can.  Per off-list complaint from Thomas Fanghaenel.
Don't #include utils/palloc.h in common/fe_memutils.h.

This breaks the principle that common/ ought not depend on anything in the
server, not only code-wise but in the headers.  The only arguable advantage
is avoidance of duplication of half a dozen extern declarations, and even
that is rather dubious, considering that the previous coding was wrong
about which declarations to duplicate: it exposed pnstrdup() to frontend
code even though no such function is provided in fe_memutils.c.

On the same principle, don't #include utils/memutils.h in the frontend
build of psprintf.c.  This requires duplicating the definition of
MaxAllocSize, but that seems fine to me: there's no a-priori reason why
frontend code should use the same size limit as the backend anyway.

In passing, clean up some rather odd layout and ordering choices that
were imposed on palloc.h to reduce the number of #ifdefs required by
the previous approach.

Per gripe from Christoph Berg.  There's still more work to do to make
include/common/ clean, but this part seems reasonably noncontroversial.
Improve generation algorithm for database system identifier.

As noted some time ago, the original coding had a typo ("|" for "^")
that made the result less unique than intended.  Even the intended
behavior is obsolete since it was based on wanting to produce a
usable value even if we didn't have int64 arithmetic --- a limitation
we stopped supporting years ago.  Instead, let's redefine the system
identifier as tv_sec in the upper 32 bits (same as before), tv_usec
in the next 20 bits, and the low 12 bits of getpid() in the remaining
bits.  This is still hardly guaranteed-universally-unique, but it's
noticeably better than before.  Per my proposal at
<29019.1374535940@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Can't completely get rid of #ifndef FRONTEND in palloc.h :-(

pg_controldata includes postgres.h not postgres_fe.h, so utils/palloc.h
must be able to compile in a "#define FRONTEND" context.  It appears that
Solaris Studio is smart enough to persuade us to define PG_USE_INLINE,
but not smart enough to not make a copy of unreferenced static functions;
which leads to an unsatisfied reference to CurrentMemoryContext.  So we
need an #ifndef FRONTEND around that declaration.  Per buildfarm.
Minor fixes for ALTER TABLE documentation.

Etsuro Fujita
Fix two bugs in WAL-logging of GIN pending-list pages.

In writeListPage, never take a full-page image of the page, because we
have all the information required to re-initialize in the WAL record
anyway. Before this fix, a full-page image was always generated, unless
full_page_writes=off, because when the page is initialized its LSN is
always 0. In stable-branches, keep the code to restore the backup blocks
if they exist, in case that the WAL is generated with an older minor
version, but in master Assert that there are no full-page images.

In the redo routine, add missing "off++". Otherwise the tuples are added
to the page in reverse order. That happens to be harmless because we
always scan and remove all the tuples together, but it was clearly wrong.
Also, it was masked by the first bug unless full_page_writes=off, because
the page was always restored from a full-page image.

Backpatch to all supported versions.
Add support for wrapping to psql's "extended" mode. This makes it very
feasible to display tables that have both many columns and some large
data in some columns (such as pg_stats).

Emre Hasegeli with review and rewriting from Sergey Muraviov and
reviewed by Greg Stark
Remove unnecessary cast causing a warning

Incidentally, I reversed the two names in the earlier commit. The
original author was Sergey Muraviov and the reviewer was Emre
Hasegeli.
Improve planner to drop constant-NULL inputs of AND/OR where it's legal.

In general we can't discard constant-NULL inputs, since they could change
the result of the AND/OR to be NULL.  But at top level of WHERE, we do not
need to distinguish a NULL result from a FALSE result, so it's okay to
treat NULL as FALSE and then simplify AND/OR accordingly.

This is a very ancient oversight, but in 9.2 and later it can lead to
failure to optimize queries that previous releases did optimize, as a
result of more aggressive parameter substitution rules making it possible
to reduce more subexpressions to NULL constants.  This is the root cause of
bug #10171 from Arnold Scheffler.  We could alternatively have fixed that
by teaching orclauses.c to ignore constant-NULL OR arms, but it seems
better to get rid of them globally.

I resisted the temptation to back-patch this change into all active
branches, but it seems appropriate to back-patch as far as 9.2 so that
there will not be performance regressions of the kind shown in this bug.
Fix whitespace
PL/Python: Adjust the regression tests for Python 3.4

The error test case in the plpython_do test resulted in a slightly
different error message with Python 3.4.  So pick a different way to
test it that avoids that and is perhaps also a bit clearer.
Add missing SYSTEMQUOTEs

Some popen() calls were missing SYSTEMQUOTEs, which caused initdb and
pg_upgrade to fail on Windows, if the installation path contained both
spaces and @ signs.

Patch by Nikhil Deshpande. Backpatch to all supported versions.