Optimized IR generation for UTF-8 and UTF-16 encoding

- Both can now be inlined and constant folded away
- Both can no longer cause failure
- Both now return an `Option` instead

Removed debug `assert!()`s over the valid ranges of a `char`
- It affected optimizations due to unwinding
- Char handling is now sound enought that they became uneccessary
auto merge of #16498 : Kimundi/rust/inline-utf-encoding, r=alexcrichton

The first commit improves code generation through a few changes:
- The `#[inline]` attributes allow llvm to constant fold the encoding step away in certain situations. For example, code like this changes from a call to `encode_utf8` in a inner loop to the pushing of a byte constant:

 ```rust
let mut s = String::new();
for _ in range(0u, 21) {
        s.push_char('a');
}
```
- Both methods changed their semantic from causing run time failure if the target buffer is not large enough to returning `None` instead. This makes llvm no longer emit code for causing failure for these methods.
- A few debug `assert!()` calls got removed because they affected code generation due to unwinding, and where basically unnecessary with today's sound handling of `char` as a Unicode scalar value.

~~The second commit is optional. It changes the methods from regular indexing with the `dst[i]` syntax to unsafe indexing with `dst.unsafe_mut_ref(i)`. This does not change code generation directly - in both cases llvm is smart enough to see that there can never be an out-of-bounds access. But it makes it emit a `nounwind` attribute for the function. 
However, I'm not sure whether that is a real improvement, so if there is any objection to this I'll remove the commit.~~

This changes how the methods behave on a too small buffer, so this is a 

[breaking-change]