Fix egregious instantiation bug in matchOneConLike (fixing Trac #9023)

We simply weren't giving anything like the right instantiating types
to patSynInstArgTys in matchOneConLike.

To get these instantiating types would have involved matching the
result type of the pattern synonym with the pattern type, which is
tiresome.  So instead I changed ConPatOut so that instead of recording
the type of the *whole* pattern (in old field pat_ty), it not records
the *instantiating* types (in new field pat_arg_tys).  Then we canuse
TcHsSyn.conLikeResTy to get the pattern type when needed.

There are lots of knock-on incidental effects, but they mostly made
the code simpler, so I'm happy.