Use detective for parsing js requires

detective provides a much more reliable way to locate `require()` statements than a regexp.  This now allows us to parse requires prefixed with `//` that aren't a comment (see duojs/duo#305).

A test demonstrating the issue has been included, as well as some minor whitespace cleanup in the test file itself.

Also, some unrelated but necessary stuff (`Makefile` magic, `.gitignore`, "repository" in `package.json`...) handled in separate commits.  Will back them out if you like.