untracked cache: record .gitignore information and dir hierarchy

The idea is if we can capture all input and (non-rescursive) output of
read_directory_recursive(), and can verify later that all the input is
the same, then the second r_d_r() should produce the same output as in
the first run.

The requirement for this to work is stat info of a directory MUST
change if an entry is added to or removed from that directory (and
should not change often otherwise). If your OS and filesystem do not
meet this requirement, untracked cache is not for you. Most file
systems on *nix should be fine. On Windows, NTFS is fine while FAT may
not be [1] even though FAT on Linux seems to be fine.

The list of input of r_d_r() is in the big comment block in dir.h. In
short, the output of a directory (not counting subdirs) mainly depends
on stat info of the directory in question, all .gitignore leading to
it and the check_only flag when r_d_r() is called recursively. This
patch records all this info (and the output) as r_d_r() runs.

Two hash_sha1_file() are required for $GIT_DIR/info/exclude and
core.excludesfile unless their stat data matches. hash_sha1_file() is
only needed when .gitignore files in the worktree are modified,
otherwise their SHA-1 in index is used (see the previous patch).

We could store stat data for .gitignore files so we don't have to
rehash them if their content is different from index, but I think
.gitignore files are rarely modified, so not worth extra cache data
(and hashing penalty read-cache.c:verify_hdr(), as we will be storing
this as an index extension).

The implication is, if you change .gitignore, you better add it to the
index soon or you lose all the benefit of untracked cache because a
modified .gitignore invalidates all subdirs recursively. This is
especially bad for .gitignore at root.

This cached output is about untracked files only, not ignored files
because the number of tracked files is usually small, so small cache
overhead, while the number of ignored files could go really high
(e.g. *.o files mixing with source code).

[1] "Description of NTFS date and time stamps for files and folders"
    http://support.microsoft.com/kb/299648

Helped-by: Torsten Bögershausen <tboegi@web.de>
Signed-off-by: Nguyễn Thái Ngọc Duy <pclouds@gmail.com>
untracked cache: initial untracked cache validation

Make sure the starting conditions and all global exclude files are
good to go. If not, either disable untracked cache completely, or wipe
out the cache and start fresh.

Signed-off-by: Nguyễn Thái Ngọc Duy <pclouds@gmail.com>
untracked cache: invalidate dirs recursively if .gitignore changes

It's easy to see that if an existing .gitignore changes, its SHA-1
would be different and invalidate_gitignore() is called.

If .gitignore is removed, add_excludes() will treat it like an empty
.gitignore, which again should invalidate the cached directory data.

if .gitignore is added, lookup_untracked() already fills initial
.gitignore SHA-1 as "empty file", so again invalidate_gitignore() is
called.

Signed-off-by: Nguyễn Thái Ngọc Duy <pclouds@gmail.com>
untracked cache: make a wrapper around {open,read,close}dir()

This allows us to feed different info to read_directory_recursive()
based on untracked cache in the next patch.

Helped-by: Ramsay Jones <ramsay@ramsay1.demon.co.uk>
untracked cache: record/validate dir mtime and reuse cached output

The main readdir loop in read_directory_recursive() is replaced with a
new one that checks if cached results of a directory is still valid.

If a file is added or removed from the index, the containing directory
is invalidated (but not its subdirs). If directory's mtime is changed,
the same happens. If a .gitignore is updated, the containing directory
and all subdirs are invalidated recursively. If dir_struct#flags or
other conditions change, the cache is ignored.

If a directory is invalidated, we opendir/readdir/closedir and run the
exclude machinery on that directory listing as usual. If untracked
cache is also enabled, we'll update the cache along the way. If a
directory is validated, we simply pull the untracked listing out from
the cache. The cache also records the list of direct subdirs that we
have to recurse in. Fully excluded directories are seen as "untracked
files".

In the best case when no dirs are invalidated, read_directory()
becomes a series of

  stat(dir), open(.gitignore), fstat(), read(), close() and optionally
  hash_sha1_file()

For comparison, standard read_directory() is a sequence of

  opendir(), readdir(), open(.gitignore), fstat(), read(), close(), the
  expensive last_exclude_matching() and closedir().

We already try not to open(.gitignore) if we know it does not exist,
so open/fstat/read/close sequence does not apply to every
directory. The sequence could be reduced further, as noted in
prep_exclude() in another patch. So in theory, the entire best-case
read_directory sequence could be reduced to a series of stat() and
nothing else.

This is not a silver bullet approach. When you compile a C file, for
example, the old .o file is removed and a new one with the same name
created, effectively invalidating the containing directory's cache
(but not its subdirectories). If your build process touches every
directory, this cache adds extra overhead for nothing, so it's a good
idea to separate generated files from tracked files.. Editors may use
the same strategy for saving files. And of course you're out of luck
running your repo on an unsupported filesystem and/or operating system.

Helped-by: Eric Sunshine <sunshine@sunshineco.com>
Signed-off-by: Nguyễn Thái Ngọc Duy <pclouds@gmail.com>
untracked cache: mark what dirs should be recursed/saved

If we redo this thing in a functional style, we would have one struct
untracked_dir as input tree and another as output. The input is used
for verification. The output is a brand new tree, reflecting current
worktree.

But that means recreate a lot of dir nodes even if a lot could be
shared between input and output trees in good cases. So we go with the
messy but efficient way, combining both input and output trees into
one. We need a way to know which node in this combined tree belongs to
the output. This is the purpose of this "recurse" flag.

"valid" bit can't be used for this because it's about data of the node
except the subdirs. When we invalidate a directory, we want to keep
cached data of the subdirs intact even though we don't really know
what subdir still exists (yet). Then we check worktree to see what
actual subdir remains on disk. Those will have 'recurse' bit set
again. If cached data for those are still valid, we may be able to
avoid computing exclude files for them. Those subdirs that are deleted
will have 'recurse' remained clear and their 'valid' bits do not
matter.
untracked cache: don't open non-existent .gitignore

This cuts down a signficant number of open(.gitignore) because most
directories usually don't have .gitignore files.
untracked cache: save to an index extension
untracked cache: load from UNTR index extension
untracked cache: invalidate at index addition or removal

Ideally we should implement untracked_cache_remove_from_index() and
untracked_cache_add_to_index() so that they update untracked cache
right away instead of invalidating it and wait for read_directory()
next time to deal with it. But that may need some more work in
unpack-trees.c. So stay simple as the first step.

The new call in add_index_entry_with_check() may look strange because
new calls usually stay close to cache_tree_invalidate_path(). We do it
a bit later than c_t_i_p() in this function because if it's about
replacing the entry with the same name, we don't care (but cache-tree
does).
read-cache.c: split racy stat test to a separate function
untracked cache: avoid racy timestamps

When a directory is updated within the same second that its timestamp
is last saved, we cannot realize the directory has been updated by
checking timestamps. Assume the worst (something is update). See
29e4d36 (Racy GIT - 2005-12-20) for more information.
untracked cache: print stats with $GIT_TRACE_UNTRACKED_STATS

This could be used to verify correct behavior in tests
untracked cache: mark index dirty if untracked cache is updated
untracked-cache: temporarily disable with $GIT_DISABLE_UNTRACKED_CACHE

This can be used to double check if results with untracked cache are
correctly, compared to vanilla version. Untracked cache remains in
index, but not used.
status: enable untracked cache

update_index_if_able() is moved down so that the updated untracked
cache could be written out.
update-index: manually enable or disable untracked cache

Overall time saving on "git status" is about 40% in the best case
scenario, removing ..collect_untracked() as the most time consuming
function. read and refresh index operations are now at the top (which
should drop when index-helper and/or watchman support is added). More
numbers and analysis below.

webkit.git
==========

169k files. 6k dirs. Lots of test data (i.e. not touched most of the
time)

Base status
-----------

Index version 4 in split index mode and cache-tree populated. No
untracked cache. It shows how time is consumed by "git status". The
same settings are used for other repos below.

18:28:10.199679 builtin/commit.c:1394   performance: 0.000000451 s: cmd_status:setup
18:28:10.474847 read-cache.c:1407       performance: 0.274873831 s: read_index
18:28:10.475295 read-cache.c:1407       performance: 0.000000656 s: read_index
18:28:10.728443 preload-index.c:131     performance: 0.253147487 s: read_index_preload
18:28:10.741422 read-cache.c:1254       performance: 0.012868340 s: refresh_index
18:28:10.752300 wt-status.c:623         performance: 0.010421357 s: wt_status_collect_changes_worktree
18:28:10.762069 wt-status.c:629         performance: 0.009644748 s: wt_status_collect_changes_index
18:28:11.601019 wt-status.c:632         performance: 0.838859547 s: wt_status_collect_untracked
18:28:11.605939 builtin/commit.c:1421   performance: 0.004835004 s: cmd_status:update_index
18:28:11.606580 trace.c:415             performance: 1.407878388 s: git command: 'git' 'status'

Populating status
-----------------

This is after enabling untracked cache and the cache is still empty.
We see a slight increase in .._collect_untracked() and update_index
(because new cache has to be written to $GIT_DIR/index).

18:28:18.915213 builtin/commit.c:1394   performance: 0.000000326 s: cmd_status:setup
18:28:19.197364 read-cache.c:1407       performance: 0.281901416 s: read_index
18:28:19.197754 read-cache.c:1407       performance: 0.000000546 s: read_index
18:28:19.451355 preload-index.c:131     performance: 0.253599607 s: read_index_preload
18:28:19.464400 read-cache.c:1254       performance: 0.012935336 s: refresh_index
18:28:19.475115 wt-status.c:623         performance: 0.010236920 s: wt_status_collect_changes_worktree
18:28:19.486022 wt-status.c:629         performance: 0.010801685 s: wt_status_collect_changes_index
18:28:20.362660 wt-status.c:632         performance: 0.876551366 s: wt_status_collect_untracked
18:28:20.396199 builtin/commit.c:1421   performance: 0.033447969 s: cmd_status:update_index
18:28:20.396939 trace.c:415             performance: 1.482695902 s: git command: 'git' 'status'

Populated status
----------------

After the cache is populated, wt_status_collect_untracked() drops 82%
from 0.838s to 0.144s. Overall time drops 45%. Top offenders are now
read_index() and read_index_preload().

18:28:20.408605 builtin/commit.c:1394   performance: 0.000000457 s: cmd_status:setup
18:28:20.692864 read-cache.c:1407       performance: 0.283980458 s: read_index
18:28:20.693273 read-cache.c:1407       performance: 0.000000661 s: read_index
18:28:20.958814 preload-index.c:131     performance: 0.265540254 s: read_index_preload
18:28:20.972375 read-cache.c:1254       performance: 0.013437429 s: refresh_index
18:28:20.983959 wt-status.c:623         performance: 0.011146646 s: wt_status_collect_changes_worktree
18:28:20.993948 wt-status.c:629         performance: 0.009879094 s: wt_status_collect_changes_index
18:28:21.138125 wt-status.c:632         performance: 0.144084737 s: wt_status_collect_untracked
18:28:21.173678 builtin/commit.c:1421   performance: 0.035463949 s: cmd_status:update_index
18:28:21.174251 trace.c:415             performance: 0.766707355 s: git command: 'git' 'status'

gentoo-x86.git
==============

This repository is a strange one with a balanced, wide and shallow
worktree (about 100k files and 23k dirs) and no .gitignore in
worktree. .._collect_untracked() time drops 88%, total time drops 56%.

Base status
-----------
18:20:40.828642 builtin/commit.c:1394   performance: 0.000000496 s: cmd_status:setup
18:20:41.027233 read-cache.c:1407       performance: 0.198130532 s: read_index
18:20:41.027670 read-cache.c:1407       performance: 0.000000581 s: read_index
18:20:41.171716 preload-index.c:131     performance: 0.144045594 s: read_index_preload
18:20:41.179171 read-cache.c:1254       performance: 0.007320424 s: refresh_index
18:20:41.185785 wt-status.c:623         performance: 0.006144638 s: wt_status_collect_changes_worktree
18:20:41.192701 wt-status.c:629         performance: 0.006780184 s: wt_status_collect_changes_index
18:20:41.991723 wt-status.c:632         performance: 0.798927029 s: wt_status_collect_untracked
18:20:41.994664 builtin/commit.c:1421   performance: 0.002852772 s: cmd_status:update_index
18:20:41.995458 trace.c:415             performance: 1.168427502 s: git command: 'git' 'status'
Populating status
-----------------
18:20:48.968848 builtin/commit.c:1394   performance: 0.000000380 s: cmd_status:setup
18:20:49.172918 read-cache.c:1407       performance: 0.203734214 s: read_index
18:20:49.173341 read-cache.c:1407       performance: 0.000000562 s: read_index
18:20:49.320013 preload-index.c:131     performance: 0.146671391 s: read_index_preload
18:20:49.328039 read-cache.c:1254       performance: 0.007921957 s: refresh_index
18:20:49.334680 wt-status.c:623         performance: 0.006172020 s: wt_status_collect_changes_worktree
18:20:49.342526 wt-status.c:629         performance: 0.007731746 s: wt_status_collect_changes_index
18:20:50.257510 wt-status.c:632         performance: 0.914864222 s: wt_status_collect_untracked
18:20:50.338371 builtin/commit.c:1421   performance: 0.080776477 s: cmd_status:update_index
18:20:50.338900 trace.c:415             performance: 1.371462446 s: git command: 'git' 'status'
Populated status
----------------
18:20:50.351160 builtin/commit.c:1394   performance: 0.000000571 s: cmd_status:setup
18:20:50.577358 read-cache.c:1407       performance: 0.225917338 s: read_index
18:20:50.577794 read-cache.c:1407       performance: 0.000000617 s: read_index
18:20:50.734140 preload-index.c:131     performance: 0.156345564 s: read_index_preload
18:20:50.745717 read-cache.c:1254       performance: 0.011463075 s: refresh_index
18:20:50.755176 wt-status.c:623         performance: 0.008877929 s: wt_status_collect_changes_worktree
18:20:50.763768 wt-status.c:629         performance: 0.008471633 s: wt_status_collect_changes_index
18:20:50.854885 wt-status.c:632         performance: 0.090988721 s: wt_status_collect_untracked
18:20:50.857765 builtin/commit.c:1421   performance: 0.002789097 s: cmd_status:update_index
18:20:50.858411 trace.c:415             performance: 0.508647673 s: git command: 'git' 'status'

linux-2.6
=========

Reference repo. Not too big. .._collect_status() drops 84%. Total time
drops 42%.

Base status
-----------
18:34:09.870122 builtin/commit.c:1394   performance: 0.000000385 s: cmd_status:setup
18:34:09.943218 read-cache.c:1407       performance: 0.072871177 s: read_index
18:34:09.943614 read-cache.c:1407       performance: 0.000000491 s: read_index
18:34:10.004364 preload-index.c:131     performance: 0.060748102 s: read_index_preload
18:34:10.008190 read-cache.c:1254       performance: 0.003714285 s: refresh_index
18:34:10.012087 wt-status.c:623         performance: 0.002775446 s: wt_status_collect_changes_worktree
18:34:10.016054 wt-status.c:629         performance: 0.003862140 s: wt_status_collect_changes_index
18:34:10.214747 wt-status.c:632         performance: 0.198604837 s: wt_status_collect_untracked
18:34:10.216102 builtin/commit.c:1421   performance: 0.001244166 s: cmd_status:update_index
18:34:10.216817 trace.c:415             performance: 0.347670735 s: git command: 'git' 'status'
Populating status
-----------------
18:34:16.595102 builtin/commit.c:1394   performance: 0.000000456 s: cmd_status:setup
18:34:16.666600 read-cache.c:1407       performance: 0.070992413 s: read_index
18:34:16.667012 read-cache.c:1407       performance: 0.000000606 s: read_index
18:34:16.729375 preload-index.c:131     performance: 0.062362492 s: read_index_preload
18:34:16.732565 read-cache.c:1254       performance: 0.003075517 s: refresh_index
18:34:16.736148 wt-status.c:623         performance: 0.002422201 s: wt_status_collect_changes_worktree
18:34:16.739990 wt-status.c:629         performance: 0.003746618 s: wt_status_collect_changes_index
18:34:16.948505 wt-status.c:632         performance: 0.208426710 s: wt_status_collect_untracked
18:34:16.961744 builtin/commit.c:1421   performance: 0.013151887 s: cmd_status:update_index
18:34:16.962233 trace.c:415             performance: 0.368537535 s: git command: 'git' 'status'
Populated status
----------------
18:34:16.970026 builtin/commit.c:1394   performance: 0.000000631 s: cmd_status:setup
18:34:17.046235 read-cache.c:1407       performance: 0.075904673 s: read_index
18:34:17.046644 read-cache.c:1407       performance: 0.000000681 s: read_index
18:34:17.113564 preload-index.c:131     performance: 0.066920253 s: read_index_preload
18:34:17.117281 read-cache.c:1254       performance: 0.003604055 s: refresh_index
18:34:17.121115 wt-status.c:623         performance: 0.002508345 s: wt_status_collect_changes_worktree
18:34:17.125089 wt-status.c:629         performance: 0.003871636 s: wt_status_collect_changes_index
18:34:17.156089 wt-status.c:632         performance: 0.030895703 s: wt_status_collect_untracked
18:34:17.169861 builtin/commit.c:1421   performance: 0.013686404 s: cmd_status:update_index
18:34:17.170391 trace.c:415             performance: 0.201474531 s: git command: 'git' 'status'
update-index: test the system before enabling untracked cache

Helped-by: Eric Sunshine <sunshine@sunshineco.com>
t7063: tests for untracked cache
mingw32: add uname()

Helped-by: Eric Sunshine <sunshine@sunshineco.com>