Implement stateinformed using 3 phase system
Merge remote-tracking branch 'Sia/master' into stateinformedv2
Fix whitespace of src/common/hash.go
Whitepaper roughdraft in tex; gitignore update

Whitepaper added to the doc/ folder, is currently incomplete and in
rough draft status. It's mostly complete and accurate up to the 'Proof
of Access' Section.

gitignore updated to ignore all .pdf, .log, .aux, and .toc files,
because compiled latex and logs should not appear in the repo.
Merge branch 'master' of github.com:Siacoin/Sia
Merge pull request #36 from DavidVorick/master

Add whitepaper to /doc
Merge pull request #35 from c00w/stateinformedv2

Reimplement stateinformed to use a 3 phase system
Update Informed to deal with non-trivial Steady

Also fixed issues with the Steady test cases. This is technically a
merge, but there were a large number of issues which needed to be fixed
as well, namely an over-reliance on the internals of StateInformed.