better temp names; more efficient workflow phase (Fixes #391)

Use State in WorkflowPhase, WorkflowBuilder, WorkflowOp to generate
unique temp names (__tmp0, ...). This should allow more projectOps
to be collapsed in the future, but as of this commit the resulting
structure should be unchanged.

New, handwritten "bound" phase that evaluates each expression only
once, propagating `Let`s down the tree, and applying a bottom-up
annotation to the rest. This reduces the amount of evaluation being
done by about 30x in some cases.

Implemented some missing combinators and ops for PhaseS.

*Note: * There is some awkward wrangling of `Attr`s going on here. Suggestions about how to make this cleaner are welcomed. See comments on the changes.
In my fixplate branch, I’m using `l` and `r` (when necessary) for the at-patterns that we currently (inconsistently) call `left` and `right`. This is because `left` and `right` are the new names for `this` and `that` (since it’s no longer a method), and I need access to both the Terms (`left` and `right`) and the unFixed versions (`l` and `r`) in the bodies of each case.

No need for you to change anything in this, but just looking for naming suggestions for either the Terms, unFixed versions, or the freshNames when I have to resolve the merge conflicts.