Typo fixes
Update badges to use the shields badge service

Also remove unimportant badges
Update parslet
Update rspec
Update all other dependencies
Dependency and README badges updates
Improve error output
Wrap native exceptions with Rip::Exceptions::NativeException
Require Rip::Exceptions::Base#location when creating exceptions
Stop capturing wrong call stack
Stub in a basic REPL
Rename local variables for clarity
Display a reasonable string when displaying REPL results
Implement System.Integer.to_string
Implement System.to_string
General code cleanup
Remove redundant method definition
Refactor Rip::Nodes::Parameter#bind to call Rip::Nodes::Parameter#matches? instead of duplicating its logic
Add Rip::Nodes::Parameter#special_case_for_lambda?
Extract Rip::Compiler::REPL#print_result