Refactoring in support of higher-ranked traitbounds

Various miscellaneous changes pushing towards HRTB support:

1. Update parser and adjust ast to support `for<'a,'b>` syntax, both in closures and trait bounds. Warn on the old syntax (not error, for stage0).
2. Refactor TyTrait representation to include a TraitRef.
3. Purge `once_fns` feature gate and `once` keyword.

r? @pcwalton 

This is a [breaking-change]:

- The `once_fns` feature is now officially deprecated. Rewrite using normal closures or unboxed closures.
- The new `for`-based syntax now issues warnings (but not yet errors):
  - `fn<'a>(T) -> U` becomes `for<'a> fn(T) -> U`
  - `<'a> |T| -> U` becomes `for<'a> |T| -> U`