Avoid O(n^2) performance by reconsidering the full set of obligations only when we are about to report an error (#18208). I found it is still important to consider the full set in order to make tests like `let x: Vec<_> = obligations.iter().collect()` work.
auto merge of #18386 : nikomatsakis/rust/issue-18208, r=pnkfelix

Avoid O(n^2) performance by reconsidering the full set of obligations only when we are about to report an error (#18208). I found it is still important to consider the full set in order to make tests like `let x: Vec<_> = obligations.iter().collect()` work.

I think we lack the infrastructure to write a regression test for this, but when I did manual testing I found a massive reduction in type-checking time for extreme examples like those found in #18208 vs stage0.

f? @dotdash
Improve the readability of diagnostics that involve unresolved type variables

Diagnostics such as the following

```
mismatched types: expected `core::result::Result<uint,()>`, found `core::option::Option<<generic #1>>`
<anon>:6     let a: Result<uint, ()> = None;
                                       ^~~~
mismatched types: expected `&mut <generic #2>`, found `uint`
<anon>:7     f(42u);
               ^~~
```

tend to be fairly unappealing to new users. While specific type var IDs are valuable in
diagnostics that deal with more than one such variable, in practice many messages
only mention one. In those cases, leaving out the specific number makes the messages
slightly less terrifying.

In addition, type variables have been changed to use the type hole syntax `_` in diagnostics.
With a variable ID, they're printed as `_#id` (e.g. `_#1`). In cases where the ID is left out,
it's simply `_`. Integer and float variables have an additional suffix after the number, e.g.
`_#1i` or `_#3f`.
Update tests with the new diagnostic tweaks