[C++11] Replace LLVM atomics with std::atomic.

With C++11 we finally have a standardized way to specify atomic operations. Use
them to replace the existing custom implemention. Sadly the translation is not
entirely trivial as std::atomic allows more fine-grained control over the
atomicity. I tried to preserve the old semantics as well as possible.

Differential Revision: http://llvm-reviews.chandlerc.com/D2915