[SPARK-3569][SQL] Add metadata field to StructField

Add `metadata: Metadata` to `StructField` to store extra information of columns. `Metadata` is a simple wrapper over `Map[String, Any]` with value types restricted to Boolean, Long, Double, String, Metadata, and arrays of those types. SerDe is via JSON.

Metadata is preserved through simple operations like `SELECT`.

marmbrus liancheng

Author: Xiangrui Meng <meng@databricks.com>
Author: Michael Armbrust <michael@databricks.com>

Closes #2701 from mengxr/structfield-metadata and squashes the following commits:

dedda56 [Xiangrui Meng] merge remote
5ef930a [Xiangrui Meng] Merge remote-tracking branch 'apache/master' into structfield-metadata
c35203f [Xiangrui Meng] Merge pull request #1 from marmbrus/pr/2701
886b85c [Michael Armbrust] Expose Metadata and MetadataBuilder through the public scala and java packages.
589f314 [Xiangrui Meng] Merge remote-tracking branch 'apache/master' into structfield-metadata
1e2abcf [Xiangrui Meng] change default value of metadata to None in python
611d3c2 [Xiangrui Meng] move metadata from Expr to NamedExpr
ddfcfad [Xiangrui Meng] Merge remote-tracking branch 'apache/master' into structfield-metadata
a438440 [Xiangrui Meng] Merge remote-tracking branch 'apache/master' into structfield-metadata
4266f4d [Xiangrui Meng] add StructField.toString back for backward compatibility
3f49aab [Xiangrui Meng] remove StructField.toString
24a9f80 [Xiangrui Meng] Merge remote-tracking branch 'apache/master' into structfield-metadata
473a7c5 [Xiangrui Meng] merge master
c9d7301 [Xiangrui Meng] organize imports
1fcbf13 [Xiangrui Meng] change metadata type in StructField for Scala/Java
60cc131 [Xiangrui Meng] add doc and header
60614c7 [Xiangrui Meng] add metadata
e42c452 [Xiangrui Meng] merge master
93518fb [Xiangrui Meng] support metadata in python
905bb89 [Xiangrui Meng] java conversions
618e349 [Xiangrui Meng] make tests work in scala
61b8e0f [Xiangrui Meng] merge master
7e5a322 [Xiangrui Meng] do not output metadata in StructField.toString
c41a664 [Xiangrui Meng] merge master
d8af0ed [Xiangrui Meng] move tests to SQLQuerySuite
67fdebb [Xiangrui Meng] add test on join
d65072e [Xiangrui Meng] remove Map.empty
367d237 [Xiangrui Meng] add test
c194d5e [Xiangrui Meng] add metadata field to StructField and Attribute
[SPARK-3796] Create external service which can serve shuffle files

This patch introduces the tooling necessary to construct an external shuffle service which is independent of Spark executors, and then use this service inside Spark. An example (just for the sake of this PR) of the service creation can be found in Worker, and the service itself is used by plugging in the StandaloneShuffleClient as Spark's ShuffleClient (setup in BlockManager).

This PR continues the work from #2753, which extracted out the transport layer of Spark's block transfer into an independent package within Spark. A new package was created which contains the Spark business logic necessary to retrieve the actual shuffle data, which is completely independent of the transport layer introduced in the previous patch. Similar to the transport layer, this package must not depend on Spark as we anticipate plugging this service as a lightweight process within, say, the YARN NodeManager, and do not wish to include Spark's dependencies (including Scala itself).

There are several outstanding tasks which must be complete before this PR can be merged:
- [x] Complete unit testing of network/shuffle package.
- [x] Performance and correctness testing on a real cluster.
- [x] Remove example service instantiation from Worker.scala.

There are even more shortcomings of this PR which should be addressed in followup patches:
- Don't use Java serializer for RPC layer! It is not cross-version compatible.
- Handle shuffle file cleanup for dead executors once the application terminates or the ContextCleaner triggers.
- Documentation of the feature in the Spark docs.
- Improve behavior if the shuffle service itself goes down (right now we don't blacklist it, and new executors cannot spawn on that machine).
- SSL and SASL integration
- Nice to have: Handle shuffle file consolidation (this would requires changes to Spark's implementation).

Author: Aaron Davidson <aaron@databricks.com>

Closes #3001 from aarondav/shuffle-service and squashes the following commits:

4d1f8c1 [Aaron Davidson] Remove changes to Worker
705748f [Aaron Davidson] Rename Standalone* to External*
fd3928b [Aaron Davidson] Do not unregister executor outputs unduly
9883918 [Aaron Davidson] Make suggested build changes
3d62679 [Aaron Davidson] Add Spark integration test
7fe51d5 [Aaron Davidson] Fix SBT integration
56caa50 [Aaron Davidson] Address comments
c8d1ac3 [Aaron Davidson] Add unit tests
2f70c0c [Aaron Davidson] Fix unit tests
5483e96 [Aaron Davidson] Fix unit tests
46a70bf [Aaron Davidson] Whoops, bracket
5ea4df6 [Aaron Davidson] [SPARK-3796] Create external service which can serve shuffle files
[SPARK-4037][SQL] Removes the SessionState instance created in HiveThriftServer2

`HiveThriftServer2` creates a global singleton `SessionState` instance and overrides `HiveContext` to inject the `SessionState` object. This messes up `SessionState` initialization and causes problems.

This PR replaces the global `SessionState` with `HiveContext.sessionState` to avoid the initialization conflict. Also `HiveContext` reuses existing started `SessionState` if any (this is required by `SparkSQLCLIDriver`, which uses specialized `CliSessionState`).

Author: Cheng Lian <lian@databricks.com>

Closes #2887 from liancheng/spark-4037 and squashes the following commits:

8446675 [Cheng Lian] Removes redundant Driver initialization
a28fef5 [Cheng Lian] Avoid starting HiveContext.sessionState multiple times
49b1c5b [Cheng Lian] Reuses existing started SessionState if any
3cd6fab [Cheng Lian] Fixes SPARK-4037