Cleanups and surface reduction

Cleanup `STVector256`, `STPathSet`, `STPath` and `STPathElement`. Specifically:
 
* Don't use friendship unless needed
* Trim down interfaces
* Make classes feel more like std containers

This change is going to conflict with David's #565. I will resolve the merge conflicts once that is merged in, but would like early review anyways.

@scottschur, @tdfischer at your convenience please.
It is supposed to be this: https://ideone.com/i2tYVR  On clang, the line marked error does not compile.  Apparently using gcc it does.  This looks like an area still under development by compilers.