Issue "anonymous" sessions for logged-out users

Summary:
Ref T4339. Ref T4310. Currently, sessions look like `"afad85d675fda87a4fadd54"`, and are only issued for logged-in users. To support logged-out CSRF and (eventually) external user sessions, I made two small changes:

  - First, sessions now have a "kind", which is indicated by a prefix, like `"A/ab987asdcas7dca"`. This mostly allows us to issue session queries more efficiently: we don't have to issue a query at all for anonymous sessions, and can join the correct table for user and external sessions and save a query. Generally, this gives us more debugging information and more opportunity to recover from issues in a user-friendly way, as with the "invalid session" error in this diff.
  - Secondly, if you load a page and don't have a session, we give you an anonymous session. This is just a secret with no special significance.

This does not implement CSRF yet, but gives us a client secret we can use to implement it.

Test Plan:
  - Logged in.
  - Logged out.
  - Browsed around.
  - Logged in again.
  - Went through link/register.

Reviewers: btrahan

Reviewed By: btrahan

CC: aran

Maniphest Tasks: T4310, T4339

Differential Revision: https://secure.phabricator.com/D8043