Make Twitter::NullObject Comparable

Closes https://github.com/sferik/t/issues/232.
Chomp empty URL fragments from the end of websites

This fixes a nasty bug that occurred when a URL fragment in a Twitter
user's website is present but empty (e.g. "http://example.com#"). In
this case, the @normalized_fragment instance variable in an
Addressable::URI object is set every time the normalized_fragment method
is invoked, setting the instance variable, thus violating the object's
frozen state.

Closes https://github.com/sferik/t/issues/197.
Remove temporary image file
Return a Twitter::NullObject for empty attributes
Return a Twitter::NullObject for empty attributes
Ensure predicate methods return false for Twitter::NullObject
Replace Faraday with the HTTP gem
Destructive implementation of symbolize_keys! is about twice as fast