Symbolic names for boundary ids

This turned out to be a much larger feature than I thought it would be. In any case, I think that it covers all of the places where we input or output boundary indicators in the input file, and it should now be possible to use symbolic names for them as provided by the geometry model.

There is a single place where it is currently still incomplete, namely in parsing the "Prescribed velocity boundary indicators" in Parameters::parse_geometry_dependent_parameters(). This will conflict with my changes to make pressure/traction boundary conditions possible and I would like to defer dealing with this place until this other patch. I promise to get to it.

This patch also addresses issue 126 (https://github.com/geodynamics/aspect/issues/126) whereby we need to initialize the SimulatorAccess object of every plugin before we parse parameters. This is likely about half of the total patch.

With this pull request, I'd like to ask for a code review. After addressing everything, I can then squash the whole thing and commit it as one, instead of the almost 40 individual commits this request consists of.
Hm, a borderline case. The function has only four lines of code and is currently defined twice. I am loath to move it into geometry_model/interface.h because it really doesn't provide any additional service over the existing functions and I hate to make interfaces larger than necessary.

I've made the functions simpler in the two places in that I now just parenthesize a string if necessary. Let me know if you don't like this. I just don't know where one would reasonably put it -- it's something that's just very specialized.