Pool/Index data is not aligned

As mentioned in #2580, there are some crashes on sparc machines. Turns out that for 32-bit builds, the ```data``` member of ```git_pool_page``` is sitting on a 4-byte boundary instead of an 8-byte boundary.

Seems like there are more crashes, independent of this one, tracking them down.

Update:
There were some crashes in the index test cases as we were casting the buffer contents directly to structs. What sucks here is the fact that the structures are of variable size, due to the path member. 
Could we skip the first `memcpy()` by using `buffer + offsetof(struct entry_long, flags_extended)` in the second one? It looks like it's a lot of copying of data we already have when we don't actually want to use it.

You also seem to have removed the `noths()` conversion for `flags_extended`.