Enforce type of the Fields when set

Add a `enforce_type` method and call it on `__set__` to make sure that the stored value type is consistent.

Calling simply `from_json` instead of `enforce_type` would be tempting, however `from_json` is a heavily subclassed public method that might NOT expect the proper type of the field. Look at `DateTime`, `from_json` would error out on a `datetime.datetime`.

The most clean way to do this would be to rename `from_json` and call it, but I assumed I would break code I can't see if I had done it. 

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edx-solutions/xblock-mentoring#12 and edx-solutions/xblock-mentoring#11 depend on this.

Pinging @antoviaque and @aboudreault
I would have to import `NoneType` from `types` first so I don't think that would help much.