Fix migrations with enable_extension

When using ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix and/or
table_name_suffix, extension names got the same treatment as table names
when running migrations. This led to migrations that tried to call, for
example, enable_extension("prefix_hstore") on the connection.
Hash#deep_*_keys(!) recurse into nested arrays.

Following methods now recursively transform nested arrays, too.

* Hash#deep_transform_keys
* Hash#deep_transform_keys!
* Hash#deep_stringify_keys
* Hash#deep_stringify_keys!
* Hash#deep_symbolize_keys
* Hash#deep_symbolize_keys!
Verify that route constraints respond to the expected messages instead of silently failing to enforce the constraint
Check authentication scheme in Basic auth

`authenticate_with_http_basic` and its families should check the authentication
schema is "Basic".

Different schema, such as OAuth2 Bearer should be rejected by basic auth, but
it was passing as the test shows.

This fixes #10257.
Run login_procedure only when the auth_scheme is valid
Refactor AR's validations_test.rb

The `:context` switch feature is implemented in
ActiveRecord::Validations#valid? method, so we should rename the test
names, and execute `valid?` in the test.

Change test name in AR's validations_test.rb

This test is testing save method's code
Fix bugs with changed attributes tracking when transaction gets rollback
Fix Hash#deep_merge bug and improve documentation — resolves #12738

Previously merging into a hash with a falsy value would not result in
the merge-block being called. The fix is simply to check for presence
of the key in the hash.

The documentation example for `deep_merge` now appropriately
demonstrates what a deep merge does.
Fix serialized field returning serialized data after update_column
Fixes Issue #13466.

Changed the call to a scope block to be evaluated with instance_eval.
The result is that ScopeRegistry can use the actual class instead of base_class when
caching scopes so queries made by classes with a common ancestor won't leak scopes.
Fixed custom validation context bug where child
associations were not being saved.

Fixes #13854.

[Eric Chahin, Aaron Nelson, & Kevin Casey]
Fix exception when logging SQL w/ nil binary value.
make `db:structure:load` listed with `rake -T`
Use #include? instead of #any?, make it simpler
Test typecasting on instance rather than class itself
Merge pull request #14957 from akshay-vishnoi/test-cases

Test typecasting on instance rather than class itself
[Fixes #14948] Hash#to_query: Changed a way how empty hash and empty array are serialized

Empty Hash or Array should not present in serialization result

    {a: []}.to_query # => ""
    {a: {}}.to_query # => ""

For more info see #14948.
Merge pull request #14956 from akshay-vishnoi/refactor

Use #include? instead of #any?, make it simpler
Merge pull request #14924 from eric-chahin/issue_13854

Fixed custom validation context bug for child associations
docs, restructure newly added part to `includes`. [ci skip]

This is a follow up to #14139.

/cc @carlosantoniodasilva