RFC: io and os reform

This RFC proposes a significant redesign of the `std::io` and `std::os` modules
in preparation for API stabilization. The specific problems addressed by the
redesign are given in the Problems section below, and the key ideas of the
design are given in Vision for IO.

[Rendered](https://github.com/aturon/rfcs/blob/io-os-reform/text/0000-io-os-reform.md)
@arielb1 I'm curious if you have an alternative location in mind? There's plenty of precedent for having this function live with the notion of `Thread`, e.g. https://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/Thread.html#sleep%28long%29 to pick one example.