Doxygen: Generic _commmon_ EXCLUDE_PATTERNS for stm32 family

Previously, most exclude patterns were written to match exactly one type
of common file, e.g. _common_f02.h files.
The drawback of this method is that newly added files are not covered
by the existing exclude pattern and thus pollute the generated
documentation of controllers they do not belong to.

These more generic exclude patterns instead handle all kind of possible
combinations of existing stm32 platforms (L1,F[0-4]) (that follow the
current naming convention).