Change Shl<T, T> for Int to Shl<uint, T>
Relicense shootout-threadring.rs

Everyone agreed.

Related to #14248, close #15328
sync: Fail with init semaphore count < 0

Semaphores are not currently designed to handle this case correctly, leading to
very strange behavior. Semaphores as written are intended to count *resources*
and it's not possible to have a negative number of resources.

This alters the behavior and documentation to note that the task will be failed
if the initial count is 0.

Closes #15758
rustc: Append platform exe suffix to output files

Closes #15828
Allow merging of statics generated by format!()
Use fewer instructions for `fail!`

Adds a special-case fail function, rustrt::unwind::begin_unwind_no_time_to_explain,
that encapsulates the printing of the words "explicit failure".

The before/after optimized assembly:

```
        leaq    "str\"str\"(1369)"(%rip), %rax
        movq    %rax, 8(%rsp)
        movq    $19, 16(%rsp)
        leaq    8(%rsp), %rdi
        movl    $11, %esi
        callq   _ZN6unwind31begin_unwind_no_time_to_explain20hd1c720cdde6a116480dE@PLT
```

```
        leaq    "str\"str\"(1412)"(%rip), %rax
        movq    %rax, 24(%rsp)
        movq    $16, 32(%rsp)
        leaq    "str\"str\"(1413)"(%rip), %rax
        movq    %rax, 8(%rsp)
        movq    $19, 16(%rsp)
        leaq    24(%rsp), %rdi
        leaq    8(%rsp), %rsi
        movl    $11, %edx
        callq   _ZN6unwind12begin_unwind21h15836560661922107792E
```

Before/after filesizes:

rwxrwxr-x 1 brian brian 21479503 Jul 20 22:09 stage2-old/lib/librustc-4e7c5e5c.so
rwxrwxr-x 1 brian brian 21475415 Jul 20 22:30 x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/stage2/lib/librustc-4e7c5e5c.so
Fix rustdoc --passes list

Allow "rustdoc --passes list" to work without specifying input files,
as shown in the examples section of the man page.
Guide: fix headings
Emit LLVM lifetime intrinsics to improve stack usage and codegen in general

Lifetime intrinsics help to reduce stack usage, because LLVM can apply
stack coloring to reuse the stack slots of dead allocas for new ones.

For example these functions now both use the same amount of stack, while
previous `bar()` used five times as much as `foo()`:

````rust
fn foo() {
  println("{}", 5);
}

fn bar() {
  println("{}", 5);
  println("{}", 5);
  println("{}", 5);
  println("{}", 5);
  println("{}", 5);
}
````

On top of that, LLVM can also optimize out certain operations when it
knows that memory is dead after a certain point. For example, it can
sometimes remove the zeroing used to cancel the drop glue. This is
possible when the glue drop itself was already removed because the
zeroing dominated the drop glue call. For example in:

````rust
pub fn bar(x: (Box<int>, int)) -> (Box<int>, int) {
    x
}
````

With optimizations, this currently results in:

````llvm
define void @_ZN3bar20h330fa42547df8179niaE({ i64*, i64 }* noalias nocapture nonnull sret, { i64*, i64 }* noalias nocapture nonnull) unnamed_addr #0 {
"_ZN29_$LP$Box$LT$int$GT$$C$int$RP$39glue_drop.$x22glue_drop$x22$LP$1347$RP$17h88cf42702e5a322aE.exit":
  %2 = bitcast { i64*, i64 }* %1 to i8*
  %3 = bitcast { i64*, i64 }* %0 to i8*
  tail call void @llvm.memcpy.p0i8.p0i8.i64(i8* %3, i8* %2, i64 16, i32 8, i1 false)
  tail call void @llvm.memset.p0i8.i64(i8* %2, i8 0, i64 16, i32 8, i1 false)
  ret void
}
````

But with lifetime intrinsics we get:

````llvm
define void @_ZN3bar20h330fa42547df8179niaE({ i64*, i64 }* noalias nocapture nonnull sret, { i64*, i64 }* noalias nocapture nonnull) unnamed_addr #0 {
"_ZN29_$LP$Box$LT$int$GT$$C$int$RP$39glue_drop.$x22glue_drop$x22$LP$1347$RP$17h88cf42702e5a322aE.exit":
  %2 = bitcast { i64*, i64 }* %1 to i8*
  %3 = bitcast { i64*, i64 }* %0 to i8*
  tail call void @llvm.memcpy.p0i8.p0i8.i64(i8* %3, i8* %2, i64 16, i32 8, i1 false)
  tail call void @llvm.lifetime.end(i64 16, i8* %2)
  ret void
}
````

Fixes #15665
doc: Use vec![] instead of vec!() in Vec.
auto merge of #15871 : dotdash/rust/unnamed_fmtstr, r=pcwalton
doc: Fill vec documentation with examples.

Add more useful functions to main example.
auto merge of #15876 : brson/rust/failfat, r=pcwalton

Adds a new runtime unwinding function that encapsulates the printing of the words "explicit failure" when `fail!()` is called w/o arguments.

The before/after optimized assembly:



```
        leaq    "str\"str\"(1412)"(%rip), %rax
        movq    %rax, 24(%rsp)
        movq    $16, 32(%rsp)
        leaq    "str\"str\"(1413)"(%rip), %rax
        movq    %rax, 8(%rsp)
        movq    $19, 16(%rsp)
        leaq    24(%rsp), %rdi
        leaq    8(%rsp), %rsi
        movl    $11, %edx
        callq   _ZN6unwind12begin_unwind21h15836560661922107792E
```

```
        leaq    "str\"str\"(1369)"(%rip), %rax
        movq    %rax, 8(%rsp)
        movq    $19, 16(%rsp)
        leaq    8(%rsp), %rdi
        movl    $11, %esi
        callq   _ZN6unwind31begin_unwind_no_time_to_explain20hd1c720cdde6a116480dE@PLT
```

Before/after filesizes:

rwxrwxr-x 1 brian brian 21479503 Jul 20 22:09 stage2-old/lib/librustc-4e7c5e5c.so
rwxrwxr-x 1 brian brian 21475415 Jul 20 22:30 x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/stage2/lib/librustc-4e7c5e5c.so

This is the lowest-hanging fruit in the fail-bloat wars. Further fixes are going to require harder tradeoffs.

r? @pcwalton
doc: Vec::from_raw_parts.

Also more explicit raw pointer handling in unsafe examples.
doc: Normalize example style

Remove unnecessary `use std::vec::Vec`. Use ``` code blocks
with rust as default instead of spelling it out.
auto merge of #15884 : steveklabnik/rust/guide_fix_headings, r=huonw

I screwed this up a while back, and now that I have no outstanding PRs, it's a good time to fix this.
auto merge of #15888 : mprobinson/rust/rustdoc-fixes, r=cmr

Allow "rustdoc --passes list" to work without specifying input files,
as shown in the examples section of the man page.
Main example for priority queue using dijkstra's algorithm.
auto merge of #15857 : treeman/rust/doc-dijkstra-example, r=alexcrichton

I wanted to have a slightly larger example compared to the method examples, but I'm unsure how it worked out.

Feedback would nice.
auto merge of #15863 : dotdash/rust/lifetimes3, r=alexcrichton

Lifetime intrinsics help to reduce stack usage, because LLVM can apply
stack coloring to reuse the stack slots of dead allocas for new ones.

For example these functions now both use the same amount of stack, while
previous `bar()` used five times as much as `foo()`:

````rust
fn foo() {
  println("{}", 5);
}

fn bar() {
  println("{}", 5);
  println("{}", 5);
  println("{}", 5);
  println("{}", 5);
  println("{}", 5);
}
````

On top of that, LLVM can also optimize out certain operations when it
knows that memory is dead after a certain point. For example, it can
sometimes remove the zeroing used to cancel the drop glue. This is
possible when the glue drop itself was already removed because the
zeroing dominated the drop glue call. For example in:

````rust
pub fn bar(x: (Box<int>, int)) -> (Box<int>, int) {
    x
}
````

With optimizations, this currently results in:

````llvm
define void @_ZN3bar20h330fa42547df8179niaE({ i64*, i64 }* noalias nocapture nonnull sret, { i64*, i64 }* noalias nocapture nonnull) unnamed_addr #0 {
"_ZN29_$LP$Box$LT$int$GT$$C$int$RP$39glue_drop.$x22glue_drop$x22$LP$1347$RP$17h88cf42702e5a322aE.exit":
  %2 = bitcast { i64*, i64 }* %1 to i8*
  %3 = bitcast { i64*, i64 }* %0 to i8*
  tail call void @llvm.memcpy.p0i8.p0i8.i64(i8* %3, i8* %2, i64 16, i32 8, i1 false)
  tail call void @llvm.memset.p0i8.i64(i8* %2, i8 0, i64 16, i32 8, i1 false)
  ret void
}
````

But with lifetime intrinsics we get:

````llvm
define void @_ZN3bar20h330fa42547df8179niaE({ i64*, i64 }* noalias nocapture nonnull sret, { i64*, i64 }* noalias nocapture nonnull) unnamed_addr #0 {
"_ZN29_$LP$Box$LT$int$GT$$C$int$RP$39glue_drop.$x22glue_drop$x22$LP$1347$RP$17h88cf42702e5a322aE.exit":
  %2 = bitcast { i64*, i64 }* %1 to i8*
  %3 = bitcast { i64*, i64 }* %0 to i8*
  tail call void @llvm.memcpy.p0i8.p0i8.i64(i8* %3, i8* %2, i64 16, i32 8, i1 false)
  tail call void @llvm.lifetime.end(i64 16, i8* %2)
  ret void
}
````

Fixes #15665